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Resumen: This article provides evidence for the applicability of free translation to legal texts, based on an examination of actual cases of Japanese-to-English translation of agreements and contracts in which problems arise from literal translation. The data analysis shows that pitfalls associated with literal translation are attributable to not only the difficulty of finding terminological equivalents that inevitably arises from the differences in the Japanese and American legal and cultural systems, but also to the importance of preserving the spirit of mutual trust and cooperation that is found in Japanese business transactions. It is also postulated that general linguistic and interpretive problems inherent in Japanese-to-English translation of nontechnical texts, including redundancy, ambiguity, propensity for nonspecific statements, and the lack of linguistic clues (e.g., indicators of number), have fundamental, but not well understood, implications for legal translation. The conclusions indicate the need for an integrated approach to legal translation practice that uses both literal and free translations, taking into full account the linguistic, cultural, and legal factors at work in the translation process.

Resumen: A variety of translation issues are addressed, including: cultural differences, register and dialect, grammatical differences, genre, technical, scientific and legal texts, journalistic and informative texts, literary and dramatic texts. Each chapter includes suggestions for classroom discussion and a set of practical exercises designed to explore issues and consolidate skills.

Resumen: "La traducción es un vehículo interlingüístico cuyo objetivo es la comunicación. Traducir comprende, entonces, el proceso de trasladar conceptos de una lengua a otra siguiendo determinadas convenciones. Tradicionalmente, el traductor debía decidir qué método de traducción aplicar al texto: semántico o comunicativo, según la función del texto original o de la traducción. Pero hace unos años, la traductología sufrió un vuelco cultural, que se traduce en desplazar la fuerza del texto original hacia el texto traducido. El acento está, entonces, en la función que debe cumplir el nuevo texto, ya con total independencia del envase anterior, el texto original. Estamos ante la adaptación cultural, concepto novedoso que tiene una enorme amplitud y requiere que el traductor sea profesionalmente más completo que lo que necesitaba ser hasta hace un tiempo. Ya no alcanza con conocer y manejar fluidamente los idiomas con los que trabaja; debe agregar factor cultural, criterios de aceptación, la autoridad lingüística frente al uso generalizado, intereses, normas, afecto y rechazo del usuario. Esto es, ni más ni menos, que la tan mentada localización".

Resumen: The detachment of theory from practice has been criticized by translating practitioners; yet little improvement has been made. This book addresses the problem by reinvestigating the system of translation. Based on Daoist dialectics, the author introduces a dual system: translation theory and translating theory. The former concentrates on the abstract and macro aspects while the latter on the practical and micro ones. In professional translating, the depth of knowledge plays a crucial role. The book dedicates a whole chapter on their relationship. In order to demystify the black box of the translating process, a cognitive investigation is carried out. A paradigm called FAST (fluency, accuracy, speed and tradesmanship) is proposed for professional translating practice. The second half of the book tackles issues related to translating of technical and legal documents, as well as menus and poetry. The book is of an interdisciplinary nature, targeting readers who are interested in translation and translating, cognitive linguistics, formulaic language theory, communication studies, knowledge studies, experience and expertise studies, information theory, and intercultural studies.