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Resumen: Im this paper I should like to look at translation as a modelling activity, in a double sense. First, translating can be considered as constructing a "model" of a source text. This allows us to explore to what extent the concepts of model theory might be applicable to translation and what kind of insight, if any, might be derived from such an exercise. Second, inasmuch as translating involves textual production in a social and cultural environment, we may inquire into the norms which govern this process and the place and function of discursive models and prototypes in relation to norms.

Resumen: The notion of systems has helped revolutionize translation studies since the 1970s. As a key part of many descriptive approaches, it has broken with the prescriptive focus on what translation should be, encouraging researchers to ask what translation does in specific cultural settings. From his privileged position as a direct participant in these developments, Theo Hermans explains how contemporary descriptive approaches came about, what the basic ideas were, and how those ideas have evolved over time. His discussion addresses the fundamental problems of translation norms, equivalence, polysystems and social systems, covering not only the work of Levý, Holmes, Even-Zohar, Toury, Lefevere, Lambert, Van Leuven-Zwart, Dhulst and others, but also giving special attention to recent contributions derived from Pierre Bourdieu and Niklas Luhmann. An added focus on practical questions of how to investigate translation (problems of definition, description, assessment of readerships, etc.)