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Resumen: El origen de esta reflexión se encuentra en uno de los puntos abordados por el profesor Muhammad Sa'id al- ́Ashmawi en su libro al-Islam al-Siyasi (el Islam político), en el que se expone su oposición al ideario integrista de una parte de los movimientos islámicos actuales. En su exposición, plantea la mala interpretación, o manipulación, del significado o significados que la raíz árabe hakana proporciona en los diferentes entornos coránicos en los que aparece.

Resumen: This paper aims to explore the strategies that translators adopt when rendering English proper nouns into Arabic and, consequently, offer both qualitative and quantitative insights into this process. It is a case study of proper nouns in professional Arabic translation based on one English novel (The White Tiger by Aravind Adiga (2008); translated into Arabic by Taiba Sadeq (2011). Proper nouns are categorized and analyzed in terms of internal syntactic structure (Central, Converted and Extended proper nouns), as well as thematically (e.g. personal names, names of institutions, bodies of water, etc.), with an eye to establishing correlations between the type of proper noun and the translation strategy opted for. The results indicate that the translator's choice between different strategies is governed by two main factors. Firstly, the translator needs to check whether the proper noun individualizes entities by means of ordinary language predicates (e.g. common nouns), proper nouns proper, or a combination of both, as each type usually requires a different strategy. Secondly, the translator needs to pay attention to the degree of comprehensibility and naturalness of his/her rendering, which may necessitate consolidating the single strategies of transliteration and translation with addition in the form of a generic word or even substitution in the case of idiomatic proper nouns. The paper concludes that proper nouns cannot be treated uniformly in translation between English and Arabic because they belong to different categories and, consequently, they may require different translation strategies including transliteration, complete translation, partial translation, transliteration plus addition, and translation plus addition.

Resumen: In very tense and conflicting situations, translators/interpreters/mediators are sometimes led to smooth the terms or the tone or any other aspect of a message, and this for several reasons. The verb "to buffer" relates to an act of "cushioning" and "lessening the effect of", but can also refer to a neutralizing chemical treatment. There is also Bufferin, the buffered aspirin, coated with a substance capable of neutralizing acid, so as to avoid the undesirable side-effects of the drug (such as ulcers and stomach bleeding). When translators "percolate" a message before rendering it in the other language, they function as a sort of buffer. Interpreting is a field where this happens quite often, because in interpreting situations there may be many elements that contribute to create a situation of imminent clash. Nonetheless authors of written translations also find themselves for some reason compelled to smooth the harshness of some words, use less vibrant colors to create a "typical picture" of a certain culture, and even neutralize exalted attitudes of one or more parties.

Resumen: "The situation of translation in the Arab world nowadays is not a pleasant one. Great lack of consideration towards translation is apparent with the governments, associations, syndicates and unions. Moreover, Arab countries have no effective laws or outputs to enhance and develop the level of translation. Add to this, the unavailability of training programs and the translators being less valued and accredited by companies and institutions..."

Resumen: Linguistic expressions in every language have established patterns with meanings that can be inferred by linguistic conventions. Languages have their own norms and expressing systems that make transferred linguistic formulas seem odd. Any deviation from the established patterns can be referred to as interference. Interference in translation is the transfer of some linguistic aspect of the source text (ST) into the target text (TT). The term includes any kind of influence that is exerted by the linguistic properties of the ST on the linguistic properties of the TT. Lexical items and syntactic structures of the source language are copied into the TT, resulting in the phenomenon called 'translationese'. As a result of interference, translation has introduced a plethora of words, expressions, and constructions into Arabic, resulting in a change in modern Arabic style. One phenomenon that Arabic has witnessed in modern times is linguistic recycle. This term refers to the re-utilization of translated expressions and syntactic structures in Arabic in its intra-linguistic operation (opposed to the inter-linguistic event of translation). The language community has been using these translation-introduced formulations although they do not conform to the canonical patterns of Arabic. Being unaware of this fact, speakers of Arabic use the translation-introduced expressions and constructions instead of the native ones although they have at their disposal a variety of formulations to express the same ideas. Linguistic recycle can be categorized into the three areas of lexis, syntax, and culture. Using a contrastive approach, the paper investigates the areas of lexis and syntax, demonstrating the pervasiveness of this phenomenon and its impact on Arabic. Corpora of Arabic have been used to detect and verify occurrences of expressions and structures.

Resumen: Translation is an interdisciplinary activity in which translators must consider all aspects of the text being translated, including both psychology and ideology. They must also view translation as a complex process that spans linguistic, cultural, economic, and ideological factors, analysing intricate issues that usually lie at the boundaries of languages, cultures, and societies. This paper examines the challenges inherent in translating the sociolinguistic aspects of Thartharah fawq al-Nil (1966), published in English as "Adrift on the Nile" (1993) - challenges that include drug addicts' slang and jargon, register, and figurative language. The specific objective is to identify error patterns produced by the translator and to analyse these errors quantitatively and qualitatively, assessing their negative impact on the reader and suggesting possible solutions. "Adrift on the Nile" is an important novel in an exceptional period of modern Egyptian history, and is regarded by many critics as "one of the richest essays on symbolism" (Allen 1982:?145). This paper calls for adopting a more sociolinguistic perspective when translating unique texts overloaded with cultural and socio-political meanings.

Resumen: This paper investigates strategies for the translation of irony in English editorials and feature articles into Arabic. It explores an area that has not been adequately tackled in a linguistic framework either on the individual language analysis level or the translation level.The plan to achieve this consists of five steps: (1) describing lexical, grammatical and rhetorical devices of irony from Arabic and English editorials and feature articles, written in Australia on identical political topics and at the same period; (2) describing the linguistic exponents of the rhetorical devices of irony in English and Arabic; (3) explaining the relation between ironic devices and coherence and text structure; (4) conducting a contrastive analysis based on the findings; and (5) using the findings to suggest strategies for the translation of irony. Several linguistic disciplines and sub-disciplines are invoked for the explanation of the concept of irony, namely, stylistics, discourse, sociolinguistics, behavioural linguistics and psycholinguistics, considering that irony pertains to a 'discourse semantic' field (Van Dijk 1977).

Resumen: This paper proposes a model for translating English perfect tenses into Arabic based on a comparative study of two translations of Pearl Buck's novel The Good Earth. It starts with a brief introduction to tense and aspect in English and Arabic. Then it explains the study aim and technique. After that, it presents an analysis of the study results by discussing the different renderings of the English perfect tenses in the two target texts.

Resumen: Children’s literature in the Arab World is impregnated with morality, didactics and a heavy ideological bias, in spite of some attempts for change. Translating for children is, in its turn, governed by the same rules that govern writing for them.Translation is not only a lexical but also a cultural transfer. Adopting some protective cultural measures, while translating for children, becomes inevitable especially if the source and target cultures have little in common. The Arabian Nights is the first book for children in the Arab world, though not initially meant for them, to be translated into many languages and has become part of international Children’s Classics.

Resumen: La producción y "traslación" de un texto es una "forma especial de interacción" mediantela que se transmite una información que integra al(los) propio(s) generador(es) de ese texto a la par que a sus receptores. Actua el traductor de este modo, y de forma casi imperiosa, como un verdadero motor que transmite -y genera además- todo un torrente de ideas y conceptos de muy variada y diversa índole, los cuales -y salvo erradas e intencionadas malinterpretaciones de los "rasgos culturales" de un pueblo- acaban por sedimentarse y reposar en el remanso del lector de esa otra lengua en la que desemboca el original del que fuera tomado.

Resumen: Se analiza el modo en que trabajan los traductores en el momento en que estalla una conflagración bélica, haciéndose especial referencia a los traductores, tanto civiles como militares, que trabajaron con el Ejército de Defensa de Israel en el transcurso de la denominada Guerra de los Seis Días, en junio de 1967. Las conclusiones que de este trabajo se extrajeran son aplicables a cualesquiera otros conflictos bélicos en cualquier parte del mundo y en cualquier momento histórico.

Resumen: À la faveur des théories interprétatives, il n'est pas d'usage d'évoquer la dimension linguistique dans les traductions. Or, il y a un domaine où l'on ne peut en faire l'économie, celui où les énoncés à traduire impliquent des fixités linguistiques, c'est-à-dire des configurations spécifiques de la forme de la substance ou du contenu des signes linguistiques. Cela concerne des types de discours aussi variés que les séquences figées, les créations poétiques ou le discours humoristique. L'analyse des fixités linguistiques dans ces discours permet de constater que plus la stratification des fixités est importante, plus les difficultés de traduction sont complexes. Lors de la traduction de ces textes, on est le plus souvent appelé à faire des choix où l'on essaie de gérer au mieux les déficits lors du passage de L1 à L2. Toutes les illustrations concernent la traduction du français vers l'arabe.

Resumen: Hablar de las traducciones al árabe del Quijote sería un tema imposible de no haberse dado un cambio fundamental en la actitud del mundo musulmán frente a otras culturas, cambio que se produjo principalmente durante el siglo pasado, para continuar por este siglo XX, constituyendo la interesante renovación literaria llamada Naha o "Renacimiento".

Resumen: En el presente trabajo se llevará a cabo la traducción de tres cuentos saharauis que previamente se han transcrito en caracteres árabes a partir de una grabación magnetofónica. El texto procede de un corpus producido por un especialista en cultura saharaui, el invidente Sidati Essalami. Se ofrece aquí una traducción introductoria del original, traducción que pretende ajustarse lo mas posible al texto hassani (de hassanía, la variante árabe hablada en Sahára Occidental)

Resumen: La traducción semántica trata de reproducir el significado contextual exacto del original dentro de las coacciones impuestas por las estructuras gramaticales de la lengua Terminal, teniendo muy en cuenta el valor estético del texto de la lengua de origen. La traducción comunicativa, que es la que más se ajusta al tipo de traducción al que están acostumbrados los traductores de noticias, trata de reproducir el significado contextual exacto del original, de tal forma que tanto el contenido como el lenguaje resulten fácilmente aceptables y comprensibles para los lectores. Estos dos métodos responden, sin lugar a duda, a los dos objetivos principales de la traducción: exactitud y economía.

Resumen: Este ensayo aborda la traducción desde una perspectiva crítica socio-cognitiva, entendiéndola como el lugar en el que en ocasiones se dan cita ideologías antagónicas, lo que puede llevar al conflicto o a la negociación. El papel del traductor es crucial en aquellos casos en los que el sistema de valores del hablante/escritor es origen de problemas o de incompatibilidades con la ideología del receptor. Y, sin embargo, la teoría de la traducción apenas se ha planteado qué estrategias culturales precisas pueden hacer posible la comunicación y el mutuo entendimiento entre las distintas ideologías grupales. Partiendo de ejemplos recientes tomados de los medios de comunicación relativos a conflictos y malentendidos ideológicos entre musulmanes y no musulmanes en Europa, el autor explicará varios casos en los que la traducción ha sido (o podría haber sido) utilizada como un medio necesario para gestionar el conflicto intercultural.

Resumen: Valentín García Yebra, catedrático de Griego, ha enseñado Teoría de la Traducción en el Instituto Universitario de Lenguas Modernas y Traductores de la Universidad Complutense de Madrid y es miembro de la Real Academia Española. Entre sus traducciones hay que destacar: Literatura del siglo XX y Cristianismo, de Ch. Moeller, por la que el Gobierno Belga le concedió el Premio Anual de Traducción, y las ediciones trilingües de la Metafísica y de la Poética de Aristóteles.

Resumen: "El objetivo de este artículo es detenernos en algunos ejemplos para explicar por qué se tradujeron de una manera y se descartaron las otras muchas posibles. La elección estuvo condicionada desde el principio por el tipo en que la obra se enmarca y, en consecuencia, por el tipo de público al que se dirige: personas que desconocen por completo la lengua original y para las cuales la traducción representa la única forma de acceso a la literatura".

Resumen: La traducción de "El Quijote" al árabe llevada a cabo por al-Tuhami al-Wazzani (1903-1972) se conserva en nueve cuadernos manuscritos depositados en la Biblioteca General y Archivo de Tetuán y fue ejecutada a lo largo de varios años entre 1951 y 1966. Sin embargo la traducción quedó incompleta y se sospecha de la falta de cuadernos.

Resumen: This paper investigates the possibility of translating, into English, Antara's iFakhr/i (self-exaltation), as a prominent theme in his renowned iMu'allaqa/i. The theoretical framework rests on the supposition that a literary work in general and pre-Islamic poetry in particular must be examined within its socio-cultural, spatio-temporal context as a total meaningful structure which entails the semantics and pragmatics of the text. Examining this theme in three selected translations, the analysis shows that the source text has proved that iFakhr/i (self-exaltation), as a conventional constituent of Antara's iMu'allaqa/i, presents a remarkable degree of sophistication which poses serious translation challenges. The discussion also reveals that, owing to the daunting complexity of incongruence and distance between the cultures of the two languages, the translations have only managed to maintain the textual import, but have not satisfactorily captured the socio-cultural denominations and implications, a perceptible translation erroneousness, which impeded straddling the required semantic effect and the required reader's response in the target language version. The paper draws the conclusion that the socio-cultural, spatio-temporal context can provide a broader frame of reference for analyzing, interpreting and translating the original Mu'allaqa in a completely new, contemporary setting of transmission and reception.

Resumen: Conditionals in English can traditionally be viewed according to two different perspectives. One is a simplistic approach based on certain 'cases'; the other is centered on the truth value of the protasis and apodosis. This argument is based on the semantics of the conditional structures, regardless of the syntax involved. In a similar vein, the complexity of conditionals in Arabic stems from the fact that the syntax of the conditional structure does not necessarily point to the semantics involved. This affinity between the two language systems in terms of conditionality is examined within the context of two English translations of the Arabic religious text Sahih Muslim. The present study adopts an approach that focuses on both syntax and semantics to underline the interplay and/or dissociation of the two in practice. The study reveals that Siddiqui's versions of translating 'law' (and its variant 'law-la') and 'inn' structures into English are mostly inaccurate, where the syntax-semantics interplay and/or dissociation is not duly observed in practice. Khattab's versions, however, point to a tendency to start from the entrenched premise of literalism, which is stimulated by adopting the simplistic approach to English conditional structures, being akin to documentary translation where awkwardness is common practice.

Resumen: The main concern of this article is to provide an analysis of the syntactic classes of Arabic passive participle forms and discuss their translations based on a comparative study of two English Quranic translations by Ali (1934) and Pickthall (1930). The study attempts to answer two questions: (a) Should we translate the Arabic passive participle into an English nominal, verbal, adjectival or adverbial? and (b) What are the factors that determine the choice of one translation or the other? So, it compares the two translations to analyze the different English translations of the Arabic passive participle. A corpus of 350 sentences has been randomly selected from the source text, together with their 700 translations in the target texts. The two translations of all the sentences are compared and analyzed in terms of syntactic and semantic features. The various English translations of the Arabic passive participle forms are presented with a count of the examples representing them in the corpus and their percentages. Then, the contextual reference of each translation is studied and accounted for.

Resumen: The present study investigates Jordanian students' ability to translate English binomials into Arabic and explores the strategies used when translating them into Arabic. It also investigates the usefulness of English-Arabic dictionaries. For this purpose, a 25-item translation test was developed and distributed to two groups; an advanced group including 30 MA students, and an intermediate group comprising 50 undergraduate students studying English at Jordanian universities. The study revealed that the subjects' general performance on the translation test was unsatisfactory. The percentage of correct answers on all items for all subjects was approximately The study revealed that the subjects' general performance on the translation test was unsatisfactory. The percentage of correct answers on all items for all subjects was approximately 44...This means that more than half of the test items in the translation test were erroneously rendered. The subjects used different strategies to translate English binomials into Arabic. The most frequently used strategy was contextualized guessing, followed by avoidance, literal translation, incomplete translation and least used, semantic approximation...

Resumen: The paper examines sound schemes in Arabic original poetic prose and English translation. These are reverse rhyme, rhyme, pararhyme and consonance. Looked at from the vantage point of sound symbolism, an attempt is made to verify their expressive and thematic functions in ST. In some cases, the concept has apparently been proven applicable and the claims made in this regard are plausible. As to the interlingual patterns of sound symbolism, the study has come to the conclusion that ST and TT diverge when it comes to how onomatopoeic elements evoke meaning. The strategic decisions taken by translators in addressing translation problems depend largely on how sensitive they are towards the ST phonic aspect and affiliations. They employ compensation in kind and in place whenever and wherever that is felt to be required, hence, replacing ST phonological recurrence with morphological and lexical ones. These higher-level devices are but one means of achieving parallel effects in the TT. However, consonance is regularly used as a prime solution for the problem of equivalence. It is axiomatic that in any attempt of translation a certain degree of loss is expected in terms of failure to relay the ST message content intact. Another kind of damage consists in the impossibility of rendering ST scripts into TT. The significance of Arabic letters to the readers of Arabic will definitely be mismatched in the TT as they imply culturally broader connotations and allusions to the Islamic heritage. The graphological input to the message in the Arabic text will hardly be imparted by the TT Roman script.

Resumen: Voice-over as an audiovisual translation modality has traditionally been described for its rendering of the truth or its faithfulness. The manipulation and deviation from the original text through translation has already been the object of study in documentaries. This paper looks at the translation of TV news through voice-over. Technical and content infidelities are rendering the broadcast actualities into sexed up copies of the original, which for all intents and purposes are in sheer contravention of what translation is for as a faithful reproduction of the original and of objective and factual news reporting. The effects of the translator's visibility in news voice-over is re-examined and the physical presence of the translator/voice talent is analyzed. This paper argues that the visibility of the translator in this instance pushes the boundaries of mediation beyond mere technicalities towards a sociopolitical sphere of reasoning and rationality by editorial policy makers. The paper also argues that synchronicity of voice-overs stemming from the rhetorical features of the voice-over styles of delivery and the idiosyncrasies of the voices creates dissonance and renders the original message with a degree of infelicities that undermine the long-celebrated standards of objectivity and neutrality. Consequently, this paper underscores the invisibility of the translator in this mode of translation mediation.

Resumen: Versión escrita de una charla realizada en el Departamento de Filología Griega, Estudios Arabes y Traducción e Interpretación de la Facultad de Filosofía y Letras de la Universidad de Málaga el 14 de marzo de 1996.

Resumen: The paper investigates lexical repetition in Arabic original literary texts and English translations. The empirical base material consists of a three-part autobiography (al-Ayyam, by Taha Hussein) and its translation (The Days). The method involves a mapping of the target text (TT) onto the source text (ST) so as to see how instances of lexical repetition are rendered into the translations and what are the strategies and norms involved in determining certain translation choices. Three types of lexical repetition are studied: lexical-item repetition, lexical-doublet repetition and phrase repetition. Lexical repetition serves two major functions, namely textual and rhetorical. The textual function concerns the potential of repetition for organising the text and rendering it cohesive, while the rhetorical foregrounds a mental image or invokes emotions in emotive language. It is observed that the translation of the autobiography's second part is characterised mainly by the absence of lexical repetition, contrary to the translations of the first and third parts. Thus, the target text misrepresents the original author as passing through three stages of textual, stylistic development. As to the translation strategies, the findings suggest that the translators vary the ST by using different patterns of reference. Rhetorical repetition is backgrounded by at least one translator who replaces it with pervasive variation. It is argued that the ambivalence of their approaches leads to a misrepresentation of the original text (and perhaps the author) as rather uneven.The strategies for translating lexical repetition highlight the translators' individual attitudes towards the ST's norms and their adherence to the linguistic and cultural norms prevalent in the TL environment. On the whole, there is a variation in the degree of bias towards the norms of either SL or TL. In terms of Toury's norms model, it may be safe to claim that the general trend of translational norms seems to lean more towards the acceptability pole than the adequacy pole, i.e., a TL-oriented strategy is opted for.

Resumen: Given the lack of sensitization to the multi-dimensional concept of quality, and given the versatility of the concept of relevance, the present investigation attempts to examine the premise that Relevance Theory (RT) can function as a standard or a benchmark for maximizing and/or optimizing quality in CI. Whilst the theoretical part relies heavily on Ernst-August Gutt's seminal work Translation and Relevance: Cognition and Context (2000), the practical part draws on some empirical data obtained from trainee-interpreters' recorded sessions at the Hashemite University (Jordan) in order to provide a relevance-driven account for some semantic, syntactic, and cultural difficulties and problems in CI. The study arrives at the main conclusion that the degree of quality in CI largely depends on the degree of relevance achieved by the interpreter's TL version, i.e., quality in CI would rise exponentially with the degree of relevance achieved by the interpreter's TL version. The study also concludes that the pragmatic RT can be considered a reliable instrument, a reliable frame of reference, or a reliable screening system that can ensure both relevance-building and a correspondingly concomitant quality-building in CI, i.e., RT can possibly fine-tune the interpreters' performance in the booth.

Resumen: Al abordar la traducción por Pedro Martínez Montávez de una selección de poemas de Nizar Qabbani no pretendemos un ejercicio de crítica valorativa. Dejemos ya sentado que nos hallamos ante una versión apropiada en lo que hace al traslado del mensaje lingüístico en sus diversos componentes. Es posible, como siempre, hallar fragmentos de la versión opinables desde algún punto de vista; y manifiesto que el traductor ha logrado excepcionales hallazgos dignos de ser recordados.

Resumen: The aim of this paper is twofold. First, it attempts to demonstrate that Arabic utterances involving euphemisms, tautologies and ironies (henceforth Arabic implicatures) lend themselves readily to a Gricean interpretation and, second, it shows how Arabic implicatures in their immediate, social context of use exhibit pragmatic failures when rendered into English. The study examines and analyzes ten Arabic utterances involving implicatures in their original contexts of situation taken from Mahfouz's (1947) Ziqaqal-Midaq which was translated by LeGassick (1966) into 'Midaq Alley', and T?ayib S?aleh?'s (1966) Mawsimu al-Hijra ila ashShamal, which was rendered by Davies (1969) into 'the Season of Migration to the North'. The study argues that to avoid pragmatic failure when translating Arabic implicatures into English, emphasis should be placed on conveying the pragmatic import of these utterances by the employment of various translation strategies ranging from those capturing the form and/or function to those capturing the communicative sense independently.