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Resumen: This article provides evidence for the applicability of free translation to legal texts, based on an examination of actual cases of Japanese-to-English translation of agreements and contracts in which problems arise from literal translation. The data analysis shows that pitfalls associated with literal translation are attributable to not only the difficulty of finding terminological equivalents that inevitably arises from the differences in the Japanese and American legal and cultural systems, but also to the importance of preserving the spirit of mutual trust and cooperation that is found in Japanese business transactions. It is also postulated that general linguistic and interpretive problems inherent in Japanese-to-English translation of nontechnical texts, including redundancy, ambiguity, propensity for nonspecific statements, and the lack of linguistic clues (e.g., indicators of number), have fundamental, but not well understood, implications for legal translation. The conclusions indicate the need for an integrated approach to legal translation practice that uses both literal and free translations, taking into full account the linguistic, cultural, and legal factors at work in the translation process.

Resumen: Official translations are generally documents that serve as legally valid instruments. They include anything from certificates of birth, death or marriage through to academic transcripts or legal contracts. Roberto Mayoral deals with the very practical problems of official translating. He points out the failings of traditional theories in this field and the need for revised concepts such as the virtual document, pragmatic constraints, and risk analysis. He details aspects of the social contexts, ethical norms, translation strategies, different formats, fees, legal formulas, and ways of solving the most frequent problems. Care is taken to address as wide a range of cultural contexts as possible and to stress the active role of the translator.

Resumen: A variety of translation issues are addressed, including: cultural differences, register and dialect, grammatical differences, genre, technical, scientific and legal texts, journalistic and informative texts, literary and dramatic texts. Each chapter includes suggestions for classroom discussion and a set of practical exercises designed to explore issues and consolidate skills.

Resumen: Individual chapters deal with legal english as a linguistic system, special concepts in the translation of english, and the genres of legal translation, from the courtroom to the popular novels. The authors also discuss a series of practical problems and proposed solutions. Originally written for work into Spanish, the book also glosses the main legal terms in French an German. Repetition of the terms and their various equivalents enables readers to build up their knowledge of the legal systems, without leaving behind the all- important constraints of genre and context.

Resumen: "El español jurídico" es continuación de "El inglés jurídico" y de "El inglés jurídico norteamericano. Éste no es ni pretende ser un libro de Derecho español, sino un estudio del lenguaje jurídico español, en especial de los términos jurídicos y los conceptos que éstos encierran, analizando desde la perspectiva de dos filólogos que tienen cierta experiencia en el campo de la traducción jurídica. Los autores han pretendido identificar, presentar e ilustrar, siempre desde una perspectiva lexicológica, sintáctica y estilística, los términos clave del español jurídico, acompañándolos de su correspondiente traducción al inglés y al francés.

Resumen: Capítulo 1: Rasgos generales del español jurídico. Capítulo 2: La traducción y el significado de las palabras jurídicas. Capítulo 3: Los problemas traductológicos del vocabulario del español jurídico. Capítulo 4: La sintaxis. Los géneros del español jurídico. Capítulo 5: El lenguaje de la Constitución española. El Poder Legislativo y el Ejecutivo. Capítulo 6: El lenguaje de los jueces, los fiscales y los abogados. Capítulo 7: El lenguaje del Derecho Civil. Capítulo 8: El lenguaje del Derecho Procesal Civil. Capítulo 9: El lenguaje del Derecho Penal. Capítulo 10: El lenguaje del Derecho Administrativo y del Derecho del Trabajo.

Resumen: "In this paper, the major aspects of and essential developments in translation theory, including the ever-recurring question of what constitutes a good translation, will be explored and the particularity of legal translation will be discussed". - Table of Contents: 1: Introduction. 2: State of the Art (Translation Studies and Languages for Specific Purposes -LSP-, What is a (good) translation?, The translation, The "free" versus "literal" translation debate, Equivalence of meaning in translation, Official quality standards, Legal language, Languages for Specific Purposes -LSP-, Word meaning of LSP versus everyday language, Legal language use and Particular difficulties in translating legal terms). 3: Theoretical Foundation (The Dialogic Action Game, The Action Principle, the Dialogic Principle and the Coherence Principle, Rules versus conventions, The speech act, The quasi-universal structure and predicating fields, The expression side, Legal action games, Functions the model must fulfill, Legal thinking as a part of the action game, Representative, directive and explorative action games, Possible solutions in legal translation, Discussion of the methodological approach, The aim of the analysis, Corpora in the comparative analyses and Implementation of the comparative analysis). 4: Comparative Analysis of translations of English, German and French Legal Terms (Conscientious objection, Property, Protection of personal data and Right to asylum). 5: Summary and Outlook. References. Appendix. Deutsche Zusammenfassung.

Resumen: El inglés jurídico es un lenguaje bastante difícil. Se ha tratado de actualizar este lenguaje especializado, es decir, adaptar el inglés jurídico formal al inglés estándar para que sea más accesible. En esta cuestión existen dos posturas claramente opuestas: la de aquellos que defienden la adaptación del inglés jurídico al inglés estándar y la de aquellos que desean mantener el lenguaje especializado arcaico sin actualización porque piensan que de ese modo "existen más garantías jurídicas".