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Resumen: The notion of systems has helped revolutionize translation studies since the 1970s. As a key part of many descriptive approaches, it has broken with the prescriptive focus on what translation should be, encouraging researchers to ask what translation does in specific cultural settings. From his privileged position as a direct participant in these developments, Theo Hermans explains how contemporary descriptive approaches came about, what the basic ideas were, and how those ideas have evolved over time. His discussion addresses the fundamental problems of translation norms, equivalence, polysystems and social systems, covering not only the work of Levý, Holmes, Even-Zohar, Toury, Lefevere, Lambert, Van Leuven-Zwart, Dhulst and others, but also giving special attention to recent contributions derived from Pierre Bourdieu and Niklas Luhmann. An added focus on practical questions of how to investigate translation (problems of definition, description, assessment of readerships, etc.)

Resumen: Ideology is a major issue in Translation Studies. With a case study of the Chinese translations of English news headlines concerning the South China Sea disputes on the website of www.ftchinese.com, this paper attempts to provide insights into the translation of ideologies in news in the Chinese context. In the theoretical framework of critical discourse analysis, the ideological factors underlying the disparity between the English news headlines and their Chinese translations are explored. The three-dimensional model of analysis put forward by Fairclough is modified and adopted in this paper as the basic steps of analysis: firstly, describe the differences between the original and their translations; secondly, associate them with the social reality; finally, account for those differences. In addition, to demonstrate how translators maneuvered to reach a compromise with the antagonistic ideologies which may set difficulties either for the news to win the acceptance of Chinese online readers or pass the Chinese government censorship, this paper offers an analysis of the translation strategies adopted in those Chinese translations, such as substitution, omission as well as the more subtle strategies, including changes of modality and actor. It is found that in the Chinese translations of the English news headlines, translators' priority is on producing translations suitable to target readers and censors' ideology, rather than linguistic equivalents. Therefore, translating ideology-loaded texts adds a new way to understand translation and ideological explorations in Translation Studies have great potentials.

Resumen: El reconocimiento internacional alcanzado por la literatura aborigen australiana ha suscitado el interés de diversos investigadores, quienes han identificado en esta literatura tradiciones, modos de expresión de un compromiso político y una retórica característicos. Precisamente en esta literatura, expresión de la diversidad cultural aborigen australiana, se instaura una relación sincrética entre la lengua aborigen y la lengua dominante, el inglés, que da cuenta de una construcción identitaria discursiva que resulta relevante para la traducción. El concepto de equivalencia ha sido central para la teoría de la traducción y extremadamente controvertido. La noción, inicialmente asociada a la mera correspondencia entre dos sistemas lingüísticos y, en ocasiones, a la idea de que las traducciones transmiten el mismo significado que el original, de manera estable e independientemente de la lengua, fue especialmente criticada durante las décadas de los años ochenta y noventa(Kenny, [1998] 2009). Con la influencia del posestructuralismo el significado comenzó a concebirse como inherentemente inestable, extremadamente subjetivo y dependiente del contexto, con lo cual no era pasible de ser replicado en otra lengua. Los estudios de traducción pronto adoptaron una concepción de equivalencia como una relación entre dos textos en distintas lenguas (equivalencia intertextual) y no entre dos lenguas (equivalencia interlingüe), lo cual convirtió a la traducción en una tarea más asequible y realista.