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Resumen: The purpose of this proposed paper will be to show how the introduction of translation memories into the workflow-process of the translator can significantly change the working environment. This environment change will include the áreas of collaborative work, organization of the work, and finally the cognitive process of translating. Our results are based upon empirical studies made by twenty-six translators in France, Switzerland and Germany. One group, in the public sector, includes international organizations, government, and the European Union, while a second sector included private entines like insurance companies and banks. Our empirical studies were computer-generated examples, while the individual case studies result from traditional paper-based evaluations generated from sector participant response. We will compare the proposed intellectual strategies with the cognitive processes that intervene with, or impact upon, the process -with and without the use of translation memories. The work and study data were completed between early 1998 and mid-2000. This analysis pro vides for the design of a new sense of translation methodologies, which can significantly impact effective communications across our global society

Resumen: Translation shifts are among the disciplines that have always been in focus. Many scholars have discussed in this regard and have proposed some models. Three main types of shifts have been paid attention to including syntactic, semantic and stylistic shifts. First models like the ones introduced by Catford and Vinay and Darbelnet mostly had tendency toward syntactic shifts. On the contrary, the later frameworks have studied semantic and stylistic shifts. Undoubtedly, Van Leuven-Zwart's framework that studies syntactic, semantic and stylistic shifts all together has been one of the most detailed ones. It has been presented to establish and describe shifts in translations of narrative texts. However, some scholars including Toury have not paid attention to this model in shift studies because of its complexities.pThis paper aims at briefly introducing Van Leuven-Zwart's framework and speaking about its strengths and drawbacks, respectively, in order that researchers and students get more familiar with this influential model. It also gives some suggestions for further researches.

Resumen: In previous discussions relating both research and translation/interpreting to each other (e.g. Andrew Chesterman & Wagner 2002; Klaudy 2006; Pöchhacker 1992), the main focus was either on the extent to which research findings improve translation/interpreting processes and competences or on different paradigms within translation research (Gile 2008). This article heuristically investigates any links between translation/interpreting competences, on the one hand, and competences required for research, on the other hand.pTo establish a research competence taxonomy that is related to translation studies, four different sources of information have been relied on: two public authorities, one scholarly organization and one translation and interpreting training institution. This conceptual study points out that many competences required for research within translation studies are closely related to translation and interpreting competences (Vandepitte 2007), so that an integrated view of research competences and translation competences is called for. Such a view will reduce the translation and interpreting institutions' task of teaching research competences to a set of ten major academic competences.

Resumen: Esta comunicación, inserta en el campo disciplinario de los Estudios de Traducción en su rama descriptiva orientada al proceso traductor, tiene como principal objetivo la difusión de un estudio empírico-experimental realizado bajo el abordaje cognitivo. Dicho estudio, realizado en conjunto entre el Laboratorio Experimental de Traducción (LETRA) de la Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG) y el Departamento de Línguas Estrangeiras e Traducción (LET) de la Universidade de Brasília (UnB), buscó modelar el proceso traductor, capturado en tiempo real, durante una tarea de (re)traducción. Aparte de eso, buscó registrar instancias de esfuerzo cognitivo en dicha tarea.

Resumen: This empirical-experimental study focuses on the processing of metaphorical expressions in sight translation (STR), a particular branch of interpreting. In order to test whether linguistic metaphors pose cognitive challenges for sight translators, we designed a within-subject experiment with 30 undergraduate taking an intermediate-level interpreting course at a Chinese university. Three streams of data, namely processing times, translation quality assessments, questionnaires and retrospective interviews, were collected and analysed for triangulation purposes.pThe results showed that metaphorical expressions took more time to process, and their presence resulted in more translation failures. In other words, the inclusion of linguistic metaphors slowed down the speed of production and compromised the quality of translation, meaning that the STR of metaphors requires more effort than for their literal counterparts. The results also suggested that the extra effort was mainly invested in the reading phase, rather than in the production phase. The data revealed that mistranslations resulting from incomplete understanding, and the ensuing imbalance in the allocation of processing capacity between the reading and production tasks, far outnumbered those resulting from the failure to find appropriate target-language terms. By adopting STR as the vehicle for examining metaphorical expressions, this study also shed some light on how metaphors are processed in a bilingual environment.