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Resumen: La convergencia y la simplificación son dos de los llamados universales en los estudios de traducción. El primero postula que los textos traducidos tienden a ser más similares que los textos no traducidos. El segundo sostiene que los textos traducidos son más simples y fáciles de entender que los no traducidos. Este trabajo analiza los resultados de un proyecto que aplica técnicas de programación neurolingüística en córpora comparables de textos traducidos y no traducidos en español, con el fin de determinar la validez de estos dos universales.

Resumen: The paper aims at studying the relationship between contrastive linguistics (CL) and translation as branches of applied linguistics, on one hand, and the use of computer corpora (C.C) on the other. It also stresses the fact that the boundaries of CL have been redrawn to incorporate the output of C.C in performing various tasks in translation, that goes beyond the traditional methods of CL carried out exclusively on solving problems in foreign language teaching (FLT). The paper supports the call for the manipulation of data obtained from CC in contrastive linguistic projects for the betterment of translation quality. Previously, CL was concerned with linguistic systems rather than language use, but with the introduction of corpora, language use become more easily accessible and the field of CL has expanded. The access to huge amounts of original texts and their translation in electronic format is of great benefit to professional translators, since a wide range of translation solutions for any particular source language are available by a gentle hit on the required tagging key. As for translation-oriented corpus based CL it becomes obvious that the actual contrastive study will be carried out in order to obtain data for explaining the various phenomena in translation. Hence, translation as a communicative event can assume a fully-fledged descriptive discipline if it manages to develop its own descriptive tools of study. Computer corpora can play a decisive role in turning translation into a well-established academic discipline.

Resumen: Linguistic expressions in every language have established patterns with meanings that can be inferred by linguistic conventions. Languages have their own norms and expressing systems that make transferred linguistic formulas seem odd. Any deviation from the established patterns can be referred to as interference. Interference in translation is the transfer of some linguistic aspect of the source text (ST) into the target text (TT). The term includes any kind of influence that is exerted by the linguistic properties of the ST on the linguistic properties of the TT. Lexical items and syntactic structures of the source language are copied into the TT, resulting in the phenomenon called 'translationese'. As a result of interference, translation has introduced a plethora of words, expressions, and constructions into Arabic, resulting in a change in modern Arabic style. One phenomenon that Arabic has witnessed in modern times is linguistic recycle. This term refers to the re-utilization of translated expressions and syntactic structures in Arabic in its intra-linguistic operation (opposed to the inter-linguistic event of translation). The language community has been using these translation-introduced formulations although they do not conform to the canonical patterns of Arabic. Being unaware of this fact, speakers of Arabic use the translation-introduced expressions and constructions instead of the native ones although they have at their disposal a variety of formulations to express the same ideas. Linguistic recycle can be categorized into the three areas of lexis, syntax, and culture. Using a contrastive approach, the paper investigates the areas of lexis and syntax, demonstrating the pervasiveness of this phenomenon and its impact on Arabic. Corpora of Arabic have been used to detect and verify occurrences of expressions and structures.

Resumen: Neste trabalho, apresentamos resultados oriundos da observação da expressão de causa em Química Geral. Mais especificamente, da expressão de causa veiculada por conectores e por verbos causais.

Resumen: This paper provides a bibliometric analysis of journalistic translation research (JTR) from the past two decades. It is based on a corpus of 396 entries on journalistic translation and interpreting from the Translation Studies Bibliography (TSB) between 2000 and 2019. This study first consists of a bibliometric analysis of these entries from the aspects of author/editor, year, language, type, journal and publisher. It then explores prominent research topics and areas of focus based both on keywords provided by annotated entries in the TSB and on keywords and high-frequency nouns extracted from the abstracts as a result of corpus analysis. The study elaborates on various methodological approaches to studying journalistic translation according to the keywords provided in the entries of the TSB. The study found that: (1) most of the JTR was published by prestigious journals and publishers in English around 2010; (2) multimedia news about socio-cultural issues, published on various platforms, attracted the most attention from scholars; and (3) socio-cultural approaches have been the most prominent type of approach to journalistic translation over the past two decades. JTR research trends are also predicated according to the current development of the field.

Resumen: In this article we first focus on some of the most important classification systems of linguistic corpora and discuss both the strengths and weaknesses. We pay close attention to the work of Sara Laviosa (1997), Joan Torruella y Joaquim Llisterri (1999), Gloria Corpas Pastor (2001) and Sylviane Granger (2003), not forgetting the contributions by Mona Baker (1995), Stig Johansson (1998 and 2003), Rosa Rabadán y Purificación Fernández Nistal (2002), Maeve Olohan (2004) and Paul Baker (2006). However, despite great advantage of all previous work, our study identified gaps for which we would respectfully suggest some solutions. Finally, we present our classification system in which we attempt to reflect clearly the hierarchical relationships that exist between different types of corpora. The ultimate goal is to offer a wide, comprehensive and flexible classification, which can be easily adapted to the needs of each research work and meet the requirements of linguistic corpora analysis, particularly in the field of Applied Linguistics and Translation Studies.

Resumen: En los estudios de traducción e interpretación (ETI), el análisis del texto origen presenta enormes posibilidades (Nord 2005; De la Cova 2017; Szymyslik 2019). Para identificar elementos complejos en el texto para su análisis y sistematización, los ETI plantean interesantes conceptos abstractos y nocionalmente densos, pero que requieren de una operativización metodológica compleja y eminentemente cualitativa, por ejemplo: problema de traducción (Nord 1997/2001; De la Cova 2017; Hurtado 2017), dificultad (Dahl 2004; Dragsted 2004), o error (O’Brien 2012; Koby, Fields et al. 2014). Los estudios de corpus aplicados a la Traductología tienden a ser cuantitativos (corpus-based o corpus-driven, según Baker (2006)) o, excepcionalmente, mixtos, y permiten trabajar en un plano textual «manifiesto», reconocible por las herramientas. Sin embargo, los constructos complejos requieren metodologías con corpus esencialmente cualitativas, menos frecuentes por su complejidad. Este trabajo analiza la objetivación fundamentada de estos conceptos complejos para su estudio sistemático. Asimismo, presenta ejemplos de investigación cualitativa con corpus y analiza el potencial investigador de distintas herramientas en este contexto. La transferibilidad metodológica cualitativa centrada en constructos complejos y las metodologías adecuadas para estos contextos, desde la teoría fundamentada (Grounded Theory) y la categorización teórica bottom-up (Strauss y Corbin 1990; Robson 2002; Böhm 2000/2004; Silverman 2011; entre otros) son algunas de las principales conclusiones de este trabajo.

Resumen: The present contribution aims at a comparative study of the Spanish retranslations of the French classic Le Grand Meaulnes. With the objective of identifying macro and micro-structural variations among the various retranslations, a parallel corpus is compiled, the source-text and the various translations are aligned and imported into a translation memory which allows for a targeted analysis of specific linguistic elements. The results obtained from the corpus analysis show that, despite their differences the retranslations display a relative homogeneity, in so far as they are largely source-text oriented and foreignizing. Relative homogeneity notwithstanding, differences can be observed between twentieth century-translations and those carried out in the twenty-first-century. The translators of the latter take a specific approach to translating the novel, either as a literary critic or by taking a critical stance towards a more assimilative approach adopted in an earlier translation.

Resumen: En el presente trabajo, se estudia el género del folleto médico en el Reino Unido y España con una doble intención. Por un lado, determinar los principales rasgos de estos textos en cada país. Por otro, comprobar si en los folletos médicos traducidos del español al inglés se efectúan las modificaciones correspondientes. Esto es, si están presentes todos los rasgos propios de la cultura meta (inglesa), así como si existe influencia por parte de la cultura origen (española). Para ello, se han compilado tres corpus lingüísticos (uno de folletos médicos originales en inglés, otro de originales en español y otro de textos traducidos al inglés) con los que se ha llevado a cabo un análisis contrastivo.

Resumen: Drama translation studies used to be the most neglected area in translation studies due to its prescriptive approaches and reductionist illusion of polarization of performability and readability. Corpus stylistics of drama, with the aid of computer technology as well as the understanding of the true nature of drama as the dialectical combination of both literary and theatrical characteristics, appears to be a remarkable theoretical framework and methodology for drama translation studies. The study of (im)politeness in Death of a Salesman and its two Chinese versions is undertaken as a case study. ICTCLAS and Concordance 3.0 were used to calculate the high frequent expressions concerning (im)politeness in both the original text and the Chinese versions, followed by the analysis of their stylistic function. It is found that modal particles and slang expressions in Chinese are useful to reconstruct the characterization, plot as well as performability of the translated drama. In conclusion, corpus stylistics of drama is of high feasibility in drama translation studies.

Resumen: El análisis de la actividad traductora llevada a cabo por expertos pertenecientes a los diversos dominios del conocimiento pone de relieve la influencia de la lengua inglesa a al hora de reformular el texto meta (TM). Este fenómeno se puede observar, entre otros, en el uso que hacen del calco sintáctico como técnica traductológica de unidades fraseológicas tales como las colocaciones léxicas. A nuestro entender, la razón de este fenómeno debe buscarse en los condicionantes a los que está sometido el sujeto que interviene en el proceso traductor, en nuestro caso, fundamentalmente en la formación previa que tiene el experto y la permuta a la que suele estar sometida toda traducción.

Resumen: It is a well-known fact that translated texts present a number of peculiarities which distinguish its language from the one found in texts produced originally. Many studies have tried to name some of these phenomena, which are usually grouped together under the umbrella term of 'translation universals'. It has been demonstrated that translations do share a number of features irrespective of the source or target languages involved. Other divergences between original and translated texts are due to source language interference and are, therefore, language-dependent. This paper is a corpus-based study of several highly frequent Spanish adjectives in original texts and in texts translated from English. The unmarked position of attributive adjectives is the pre-modifying one in English and the post-modifying one in Spanish, though. Spanish also allows for the pre-modifying position with certain connotations. The aim of this study is to identify differences in behavioral patterns with respect to adjective position in original and translated Spanish and explain these differences in terms of translation universals and/or source language interference. The results have revealed cases of simplification, unique item under-representation and untypical collocations in Spanish translations of English source texts.

Resumen: Esta comunicación que gira alrededor de algunos de los fundamentos teóricos de la Teoría Comunicativa de la Terminología (Cabré, 1999), la traducción como una situación comunicativa (Hatim y Mason, 1995) y las concepciones y esquemas de progresión temática (Dan..s, F., 1970) pretende presentar estas tres áreas de conocimiento de manera articulada, a través del análisis contrastivo de los esquemas de progresión temática en un corpus de textos paralelos del subámbito de eutrofización, el cual consta de ocho resúmenes de reportes de investigación denominados en este trabajo "Clústers de Conocimiento