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Resumen: The purpose of this proposed paper will be to show how the introduction of translation memories into the workflow-process of the translator can significantly change the working environment. This environment change will include the áreas of collaborative work, organization of the work, and finally the cognitive process of translating. Our results are based upon empirical studies made by twenty-six translators in France, Switzerland and Germany. One group, in the public sector, includes international organizations, government, and the European Union, while a second sector included private entines like insurance companies and banks. Our empirical studies were computer-generated examples, while the individual case studies result from traditional paper-based evaluations generated from sector participant response. We will compare the proposed intellectual strategies with the cognitive processes that intervene with, or impact upon, the process -with and without the use of translation memories. The work and study data were completed between early 1998 and mid-2000. This analysis pro vides for the design of a new sense of translation methodologies, which can significantly impact effective communications across our global society

Resumen: Technical difficulties associated with dubbing, together with the collaborative nature of the dubbing process, explain why traditionally the linguistic challenges of dubbing translation for specific audiences such as children have not been studied very closely. As new developments in sound recording improve the technical quality of dubbing, it is time for the remaining textual translation issues to be addressed in more detail. Due to the many common characteristics of different text types aimed at children, dubbers of children’s audiovisual material can learn a considerable amount from the translators of other texts, such as books and comics aimed at children, about the particular challenges posed by this target audience.

Resumen: Translation shifts are among the disciplines that have always been in focus. Many scholars have discussed in this regard and have proposed some models. Three main types of shifts have been paid attention to including syntactic, semantic and stylistic shifts. First models like the ones introduced by Catford and Vinay and Darbelnet mostly had tendency toward syntactic shifts. On the contrary, the later frameworks have studied semantic and stylistic shifts. Undoubtedly, Van Leuven-Zwart's framework that studies syntactic, semantic and stylistic shifts all together has been one of the most detailed ones. It has been presented to establish and describe shifts in translations of narrative texts. However, some scholars including Toury have not paid attention to this model in shift studies because of its complexities.pThis paper aims at briefly introducing Van Leuven-Zwart's framework and speaking about its strengths and drawbacks, respectively, in order that researchers and students get more familiar with this influential model. It also gives some suggestions for further researches.

Resumen: This article is in part a review of the literary qualities of the narrative tales written by the Swedish children's author Astrid Lindgren and in part a comparative reading of the Swedish Mio, min Mio (Mio, my son) and its Danish translation from 1955. It will be shown how the Danish version has been adapted from the Swedish and how as a result the Danish version of the narrative does not have the same literary quality as the original.

Resumen: The article takes a look at the translation of children's literature intended for reading aloud. The pragmatic (or theoretical) point of departure is a 'narrative contract' between the child (audience) and the reader as in the oral tradition of yesteryear. It is therefore argued that, at least initially, children's literature for reading aloud was a continuation of the narrative tradition in the extended family adapted to the conditions and mores of the nuclear family. The nuclear family was a 19th century innovation promoted by the new middle classes, and they best carried on the narrative tradition by means of stories such as those of the brothers Grimm in Germany and Hans Christian Andersen in Denmark. Referring to an informal questionnaire among Translation Studies scholars covering eleven countries, it is concluded that the tradition of reading aloud for children is alive and well. This leads to a model for the translational situation for read-aloud literature that calls for guiding principles in the exploration of differences between 'originals' and 'translations.' Having introduced such layers, viz. the structural, the linguistic, the content and intentional ones, a paratextual and chronological layer are also called for, because of the ubiquity of modern co-prints and the need to introduce diachronic perspectives. The article discusses decision-makers in the process of translation, such as publishers and the like, and also briefly views questions of translational traditions before it discusses translations of the Grimm Tales into English and Danish, to conclude that there are two different schools of 'respectable translators,' one targeting stories for reading aloud and another for silent reading, even though the translators may not be aware of this. The final part takes up questions concerning the translation of names, rhymes, and a highly complex text which is discussed in depth. The conclusion is that translation for reading aloud is an art requiring great competence of translators. It also ought to attract more attention from Translation Studies scholars because it questions fundamentals in translation work that are also found in other types of translation.

Resumen: This study used the thinking-aloud method to investigate the working processes of translating an expository from english to Chinese. Five translation students and five translation expert participated in this study. They were asked to translate a paragraph of expository text in a published book and verbalized their thoughts while translating the text from English into Chinese. This paper reports and discusses some results af the in-progress date analysis of the study. After studying the cognitive moves present in the expert and the novice translating processes, differences were found between the students and the experts in terms of outside resourses, negotation of competing pressures, etc. The study is significant in identifying the key elements and strategies that characterize expert working processes, which in turn will shed lights on translator and teaching. This study in another step forward from my previous study of investigating the cognitive processes of translating. The reason for adding this dimension of expert vs. novice comparison is primarily pedagogical. If differences were indeed found between experts and novices, such information could be used to develop pedagogical tools for translation students. In this way, the experts can set a model for the students not only in what they can produce in translation but also how they have produced such translation. In other words, it can provide a source for cognitive apprenticeship, which may affect students beyond the limits of the conventional teaching method of having students study "good" translated texts. Second, by looking al how experts and students might use certain skiils diferently, it is possible to identify some feautures that exclusively characterize experts and that may be teachable but not yet taught explicitly to students. In short, the expert-novice comparision would have much to offer to translation instruction in terms of both what to teach and how to teach.

Resumen: Dentro del campo teórico de estudios de la cultura, la semiótica ha conformado un importante polo interdisciplinar por los aportes que puede brindar a los estudios de traducción. La Escuela de Tartu, y principalmente su actual director Peter Torop, se ha abocado a la problemática de la traducción haciendo hincapíe en lo que podría denominarse "clave culturológica". Para ello, Torop ha acuñado el concepto de "traducción total" (2001), que implica una ampliación de orden epistemológico, teórico y metodológico de los problemas y fenómenos que son objeto de la traductología. Un sinónimo, si se quiere, de traducción total, sería el de "traducción intersemiótica": una especie de suma de varios niveles de complejidad a considerar en el proceso de traducción. Ejemplo de estos niveles lo constituye la diferencia entre los lenguajes de una cultura: no es lo mismo pensar en afrontar un texto literario con su traducción lingüística (los dos se codifican en lenguas naturales), que pensar en traducir textos que tienen codificaciones diferentes, como texto literario y textos fílmico, espectacular, comics, etc. La traducción total comprende entonces, la posibilidad de traducción de todos los textos de una cultura según varios tipos y niveles de semiosis.

Resumen: Esta obra ofrece una visión de conjunto de los aspectos teóricos más relevantes en la Traductología contemporánea sin perder de vista el objeto principal de su estudio: la elaboración, a partir de un original, de un nuevo texto que está motivado y determinado por circunstancias culturales distintas a las de origen. Partiendo sobre todo de la traducción del inglés al español, aunque con ejemplos tomados de otras lenguas como el árabe y el catalán, el autor recorre la evolución de los estudios de traducción en los últimos años y aborda el proceso de traducir desde cuatro vertientes complementarias que convergen en la cuestión de fondo: el paso de cierta información de una cultura a otra y la transformación que experimenta.

Resumen: La traducción a la vista ha sido estudiada desde distintos enfoques. En este trabajo se realiza una revisión bibliográfica con las aportaciones más relevantes sobre esta modalidad de traducción. Se ha estudiado como proceso, como producto, como herramienta didáctica en traducción e interpretación y aprendizaje de lenguas y como modalidad profesional de traducción.

Resumen: Part 1 of the study presents the theoretical framework on which the model is based, and surveys the various concepts of translation theory and text linguistics. Part 2 describes the role and scope of source-text analysis in the translation process and explains why the model is relevant to translation. Part 3 presents a detailed study of the extratextual and intratextual factors and their interaction in the text, using numerous examples from all areas of professional translation. Part 4 discusses the applications of the model to translator training, placing particular emphasis on the selection of material for translation classes, grading the difficulty of translation tasks, and translation quality assessment. The book concludes with the practical analysis of a number of texts and their translations, taking into account various text types and several languages (German, English, Spanish, French, Italian, Portuguese, and Dutch).

Resumen: Simpatía por el traidor no es un tratado académico. Es un manifiesto. Mark Polizzotti lleva casi medio siglo traduciendo: no cree en teorías globales, ni en respuestas infalibles. Su objetivo es mucho más ambicioso: plantearnos qué es una traducción, para qué sirve, cómo leerla. Para conseguirlo, nos cuenta la historia de cómo llegamos a usar las distintas lenguas en nuestro beneficio, y qué sucede cuando no es así.Es una historia salpicada de fanatismo, traiciones, santos, filósofos, espías, poetas y herejes. Y todos formamos parte de ella. Precisamente por eso, este libro está llamado a convertirse en un clásico contemporáneo.«Me preocupa la aparición de un mundo donde la traducción ya no sea realmente necesaria, no porque todos podamos hablar la misma lengua, sino porque las distintas lenguas del mundo ya no expresen las diferencias psicológicas y culturales que las hacían especiales e interesantes.»¿Cuál es el objetivo final de una traducción? ¿Qué significa tildar una traducción de «fiel» o «infiel»? Y, ya puestos, ¿resultan útiles estos criterios? ¿Qué responsabilidad ética tiene el traductor para con el lector y el texto de origen? ¿Es inevitable «perder» algo en la traducción, o también se puede ganar algo? ¿Puede y debe una traducción mejorar el original? ¿Qué hace que algunas versiones canten y otras chirríen? Y en última instancia, ¿importa la traducción? Y de ser así, ¿por qué importa?

Resumen: In previous discussions relating both research and translation/interpreting to each other (e.g. Andrew Chesterman & Wagner 2002; Klaudy 2006; Pöchhacker 1992), the main focus was either on the extent to which research findings improve translation/interpreting processes and competences or on different paradigms within translation research (Gile 2008). This article heuristically investigates any links between translation/interpreting competences, on the one hand, and competences required for research, on the other hand.pTo establish a research competence taxonomy that is related to translation studies, four different sources of information have been relied on: two public authorities, one scholarly organization and one translation and interpreting training institution. This conceptual study points out that many competences required for research within translation studies are closely related to translation and interpreting competences (Vandepitte 2007), so that an integrated view of research competences and translation competences is called for. Such a view will reduce the translation and interpreting institutions' task of teaching research competences to a set of ten major academic competences.

Resumen: Esta comunicación, inserta en el campo disciplinario de los Estudios de Traducción en su rama descriptiva orientada al proceso traductor, tiene como principal objetivo la difusión de un estudio empírico-experimental realizado bajo el abordaje cognitivo. Dicho estudio, realizado en conjunto entre el Laboratorio Experimental de Traducción (LETRA) de la Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG) y el Departamento de Línguas Estrangeiras e Traducción (LET) de la Universidade de Brasília (UnB), buscó modelar el proceso traductor, capturado en tiempo real, durante una tarea de (re)traducción. Aparte de eso, buscó registrar instancias de esfuerzo cognitivo en dicha tarea.

Resumen: This empirical-experimental study focuses on the processing of metaphorical expressions in sight translation (STR), a particular branch of interpreting. In order to test whether linguistic metaphors pose cognitive challenges for sight translators, we designed a within-subject experiment with 30 undergraduate taking an intermediate-level interpreting course at a Chinese university. Three streams of data, namely processing times, translation quality assessments, questionnaires and retrospective interviews, were collected and analysed for triangulation purposes.pThe results showed that metaphorical expressions took more time to process, and their presence resulted in more translation failures. In other words, the inclusion of linguistic metaphors slowed down the speed of production and compromised the quality of translation, meaning that the STR of metaphors requires more effort than for their literal counterparts. The results also suggested that the extra effort was mainly invested in the reading phase, rather than in the production phase. The data revealed that mistranslations resulting from incomplete understanding, and the ensuing imbalance in the allocation of processing capacity between the reading and production tasks, far outnumbered those resulting from the failure to find appropriate target-language terms. By adopting STR as the vehicle for examining metaphorical expressions, this study also shed some light on how metaphors are processed in a bilingual environment.

Resumen: "... The present publication is the result of a lecture series which I delivered in English at Vaasa University, Finland, in the spring of 1993. This explains te organization of the book. While the notion of knowledge and skills is maintained throughout the book, the individual chapters are relatively self-contained, but mutually supportive..." Wolfram Wilss

Resumen: Introducing translation studies is an introductory textbook providing an accessible overview of the key contributions to translation studies. Munday explores each theory chapter by chapter and tests the different approaches by applying them to texts. The texts discussed are taken from a broad range of languages - English, French, German, Spanish, Italian, Punjahi, Portuguese and Spanish - and English translations are provided. A wide variety of text types is analyzed, including a tourist brochure, a children's cookery book, a Harry Potter novel, the Bible, literary reviews and translators' prefaces, film translation, a technical text and a European Parliament speech. Each chapter includes the following features: a table presenting the key concepts; an introduction outlining the translation theory or theories; illustrative texts with translations; a chapter summary; discussion points and exercises. Including a general introduction, an extensive bibliography and internet sites for further information, this is a practical, user-friendly textbook that gives a balanced and comprehensive insight into translation studies.

Resumen: A pesar de la demanda creciente sobre los Estudios de Traducción, existen pocos libros de txto dedicados a la didáctica de esta disciplina, y menos aún si se piensa en la diferente metodología exigida para la enseñanza a distancia que, en cualquier caso, requiere una determinada adaptación. El presente volumen es fruto de la experiencia personal de la autora adquirida durante muchos años dedicados a la actividad traductora y de la enseñanza recibida durante los cursos de postgraduados del Instituto Universitario de Lenguas Modernas y Traductores de la Universidad Complutense. Este libro se presenta en tres partes; la primera parte : Teoría; la segunda parte: Práctica y la tercera: Aplicaciones.

Resumen: El V Congreso de la Asociación Ibérica de Estudios de Traducción e Interpretación abordó los ámbitos de la metodología, la teoría, la historia y la didáctica de la traducción que se pueden considerar transversales en esta disciplina y que quedan recogidos en el presente volumen. Los artículos buscan promover la reflexión sobre aquellas cuestiones más o menos presentes en las distintas ramificaciones temáticas de la traducción y la interpretación, sin estar circunscritas a una sola área de especialidad.

Resumen: The present study aims to shed light on the notion of manipulation in the process of translating. It explores the manipulative side of translation and its possible impacts and effects on the meaning and effect intended by the ST.Translated transcript of a speech delivered by Al-Qaeda leader Osama bin Laden on the 29th of October 2004 is studied. The speech was broadcasted on Aljazeera Arabic News Channel and translated by various governmental and non-governmental organisations (bin-Laden 2004); however, this study analyses CNN's translation and considers it as a TT.The study adopts Juliane House's revised model of translation evaluation as it provides for the analysis and comparison of original text and its translation at four different levels: Language/Text, Register (Field, Mode and Tenor), Genre, and Function (House 1997).

Resumen: The process of literary translation includes the source culture-specific elements that constitute an integral part of the source text. This paper aims to identify and analyse various translation strategic processes that could be adopted in translating cultural factors within the parameters of a Maltese bilingual, but not necessarily bicultural, context. Each of the suggested strategic procedures is presented in useful flow-chart formats, varying from source language/source culture to target language/target culture bias approach in order to keep cultural losses to a minimum whilst maximising cultural gains and, therefore, to make the transformation of the source text into the target text successful. Such flow-charts are aimed to provide the literary translator with a rapid means of achieving an adequate and satisfying suggested solution for a quality cross-cultural transposition of the cultural elements encountered within a bilingual context. In certain instances, it is also suggested that some strategies are used concurrently with others. To achieve this aim, an extended practical translation exercise by the author himself is used. This paper also helps to strengthen further both the level of research in narrative translation studies in general, and the research done in Maltese narrative literary translation from a cultural point of view.

Resumen: El análisis de la actividad traductora llevada a cabo por expertos pertenecientes a los diversos dominios del conocimiento pone de relieve la influencia de la lengua inglesa a al hora de reformular el texto meta (TM). Este fenómeno se puede observar, entre otros, en el uso que hacen del calco sintáctico como técnica traductológica de unidades fraseológicas tales como las colocaciones léxicas. A nuestro entender, la razón de este fenómeno debe buscarse en los condicionantes a los que está sometido el sujeto que interviene en el proceso traductor, en nuestro caso, fundamentalmente en la formación previa que tiene el experto y la permuta a la que suele estar sometida toda traducción.

Resumen: The detachment of theory from practice has been criticized by translating practitioners; yet little improvement has been made. This book addresses the problem by reinvestigating the system of translation. Based on Daoist dialectics, the author introduces a dual system: translation theory and translating theory. The former concentrates on the abstract and macro aspects while the latter on the practical and micro ones. In professional translating, the depth of knowledge plays a crucial role. The book dedicates a whole chapter on their relationship. In order to demystify the black box of the translating process, a cognitive investigation is carried out. A paradigm called FAST (fluency, accuracy, speed and tradesmanship) is proposed for professional translating practice. The second half of the book tackles issues related to translating of technical and legal documents, as well as menus and poetry. The book is of an interdisciplinary nature, targeting readers who are interested in translation and translating, cognitive linguistics, formulaic language theory, communication studies, knowledge studies, experience and expertise studies, information theory, and intercultural studies.

Resumen: En el panorama actual de los Estudios de Traducción se puede identificar una orientación hacia un mejor conocimiento de los procesos cognitivos propios de la traducción y la interpretación. Estas aproximaciones cognitivas suponen un intento de superar el modelo de caja negra con el fin de mejorar la descripción de dichos fenómenos, la calidad de la docencia y la idoneidad de los productos. La presente monografía da cuenta de los trabajos realizados y en curso por un grupo de profesores y alumnos de la Universidad de Granada, bajo el paraguas del programa de doctorado "Procesos de Traducción e Interpretación".