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Resumen: The purpose of this proposed paper will be to show how the introduction of translation memories into the workflow-process of the translator can significantly change the working environment. This environment change will include the áreas of collaborative work, organization of the work, and finally the cognitive process of translating. Our results are based upon empirical studies made by twenty-six translators in France, Switzerland and Germany. One group, in the public sector, includes international organizations, government, and the European Union, while a second sector included private entines like insurance companies and banks. Our empirical studies were computer-generated examples, while the individual case studies result from traditional paper-based evaluations generated from sector participant response. We will compare the proposed intellectual strategies with the cognitive processes that intervene with, or impact upon, the process -with and without the use of translation memories. The work and study data were completed between early 1998 and mid-2000. This analysis pro vides for the design of a new sense of translation methodologies, which can significantly impact effective communications across our global society

Resumen: Translation is typically thought of as conveying the meaning of a text written in another language. However translators frequently engage in operations that do not start from textual meaning but from phonetic form, typographic form or some other formal feature of a text. In this article, I look at several such operations, and how they are used in handling proper names, numerical expressions, text in a third language, so-called untranslatable words, passages of uncertain meaning, and poetry, as well as their use in translation studies and linguistics journals, and in pronunciation guides for tourists and for choirs singing in languages unknown to their members. I also briefly consider operations that are based on the form of non-linguistic text elements.

Resumen: Technical difficulties associated with dubbing, together with the collaborative nature of the dubbing process, explain why traditionally the linguistic challenges of dubbing translation for specific audiences such as children have not been studied very closely. As new developments in sound recording improve the technical quality of dubbing, it is time for the remaining textual translation issues to be addressed in more detail. Due to the many common characteristics of different text types aimed at children, dubbers of children’s audiovisual material can learn a considerable amount from the translators of other texts, such as books and comics aimed at children, about the particular challenges posed by this target audience.

Resumen: South Korea is the first country where the translation education has operated at a postgraduate level in Asia. The first graduate school, the Graduate School of Interpretation and Translation, Hankuk University of Foreign Studies, operated at 1979. As of 2006, there are ten translation andJor interpreting departrnents at graduate level in South Korea. The curriculum of translation graduate schools in South Korea should be examined from a theoretical standpoint. This article is the answer of what constitutes a translation graduate school in South Korea in terms of its title, its cornmencement date, type of school, division of departnents, admission requirements, and the duration of the programme and what is an appropriate curriculum for a translation graduate school in South Korea. For this study, I have conducted interviews with heads of translation departments at South Korea's graduate schools in the first place, with a view'to establish the real situation of graduate schools that teach translation in South Korea. I adopted Renfer's model for analysing the programme of the graduate schools. Renfer (1991) presents four basic programme models of translator and/or interpreter education training for western countries such as Two-tier system, Parallel translator and interpreter training model, y model, and Postgraduate interpreter training or intensive on-the-job training in international organisations. The results of the data analysis are discussed, and lastly suggestions for translation students to develop and improve their translation skills are presented.

Resumen: Desde la época en la que los estudios de la traducción hicieron aparición, hace sesenta años, en las universidades, estos vienen padeciendo un ahistoricismo endémico. De ello tienen culpa, en parte, tanto docentes como profesionales de la traducción que piensan que la historia de la disciplina es una cuestión subordinada tanto en la docencia como en el ejercicio de la misma. Cierto es que paulatinamente este historicismo se va paliando y en la actualidad, cuando gracias al esfuerzo de muchos investigadores vamos disponiendo de un respetable corpus de historia de la traducción, es necesario destacar y evaluar las diferentes corrientes que se van perfilando en el ejercicio de la misma.

Resumen: In western translation theories, Lawrence Venuti and Eugene Nida appear to be standing at too opposing poles regarding the equivalence theory, and are notable for their prominent disagreement on the issue. Their theories diverge in their responses to equivalence, and disagree, essentially, on the functions of translation as well as the aspects of an acceptable translation. This disagreement unfolded itself clearly during a conference at Binghamton University in 1991. In this essay, I intend to juxtapose the exceptionally different theoretical approaches of these two prominent translation scholars. I also intend to show how Venuti's views on translation in practice challenges Nida's theoretical approaches to translation, and surprisingly enough his own theories particularly speaking, foreignizing and domesticating translations in which he has been extensively engaged. Finally I intend to show how Venuti's practice of translation challenges his earlier attack on Nida's conceptions of the "dynamic equivalence," "naturalness of expression" (Nida 1964: 159) and the notion of "the equivalent effect" (de Waard & Nida 1986: 9).

Resumen: Translation shifts are among the disciplines that have always been in focus. Many scholars have discussed in this regard and have proposed some models. Three main types of shifts have been paid attention to including syntactic, semantic and stylistic shifts. First models like the ones introduced by Catford and Vinay and Darbelnet mostly had tendency toward syntactic shifts. On the contrary, the later frameworks have studied semantic and stylistic shifts. Undoubtedly, Van Leuven-Zwart's framework that studies syntactic, semantic and stylistic shifts all together has been one of the most detailed ones. It has been presented to establish and describe shifts in translations of narrative texts. However, some scholars including Toury have not paid attention to this model in shift studies because of its complexities.pThis paper aims at briefly introducing Van Leuven-Zwart's framework and speaking about its strengths and drawbacks, respectively, in order that researchers and students get more familiar with this influential model. It also gives some suggestions for further researches.

Resumen: Las V Jornadas Internacionales de Traductología, organizadas por el Área de Traductología (ATRA) del Centro de Investigaciones de la Facultad de Lenguas (CIFAL) proponen aproximarse a este campo disciplinar desde diversas perspectivas para poner en comunicación la teoría y la práctica, la docencia y el desempeño profesional, entre muchos otros aspectos desde los que puede abordarse la traductología. Se pretende generar un diálogo hacia el interior de la disciplina, pero también con las áreas de estudio afines que la atraviesan y la complementan generando un punto de encuentro y un foro de debate y reflexión sobre todos los ámbitos de la traductología.

Resumen: "There is no Americano dream. There is only the American dream created by an Anglo-Protestant society. Mexican-Americans will share in that dream and in that society if they dream in English." (cf. Huntington 2004: 256). "Las palabras de un catedrático privilegiado de la prestigiosa Universidad de Harvard siguen resonando en la vida de Estados Unidos. Aunque el país carezca de idioma oficial a nivel federal, durante los 80 y 90 muchos estados aprobaron leyes propias que establecieron el inglés como lengua única. (...) Muchos estados próximos a México, tales como California, Nuevo México o Arizona, más temerosos de la invasión hispana, han impuesto el inglés como lengua oficial, si bien Texas no lo ha hecho."

Resumen: La convergencia y la simplificación son dos de los llamados universales en los estudios de traducción. El primero postula que los textos traducidos tienden a ser más similares que los textos no traducidos. El segundo sostiene que los textos traducidos son más simples y fáciles de entender que los no traducidos. Este trabajo analiza los resultados de un proyecto que aplica técnicas de programación neurolingüística en córpora comparables de textos traducidos y no traducidos en español, con el fin de determinar la validez de estos dos universales.

Resumen: Translation S- and T-universals have been widely discussed in Translation Studies and their psycholinguistic study has been among the priority topics today. The article is focused on the study of translation 'S- universals' (Chesterman 2004) and is based both on the psycholinguistic model of literary translation, which combines today's neuroscience theories of cognitivism and connectionism, and on the experimental data that demonstrate its validity. The model is resulted in a series of experiments held with undergraduate students of translation department. The results of the study proved the idea of existing specific procedural and discursive S-universals in literary translation. As the empirical data showed, these universals maintain the status of common strategies depending on translator's cognitive style (analytical or synthetic) and his dominant channel (visual, auditory, kinesthetic) of source text perception.

Resumen: This article is in part a review of the literary qualities of the narrative tales written by the Swedish children's author Astrid Lindgren and in part a comparative reading of the Swedish Mio, min Mio (Mio, my son) and its Danish translation from 1955. It will be shown how the Danish version has been adapted from the Swedish and how as a result the Danish version of the narrative does not have the same literary quality as the original.

Resumen: The aim of this study is to investigate translators' behaviors in translating fantasy fiction in Taiwan, with the help of Pierre Bourdieu's sociological model. The application of a sociological approach to translation studies allows an examination of the social and cultural nature of translation by locating this activity within a particular social structure. The investigation was conducted by employing a parallel corpus study of fantasy fiction translations: J.R.R. Tolkien's The Hobbit, C.S. Lewis's The Chronicles of Narnia, T.H. White's The Sword in the Stone and Philip Pullman's Northern Lights. Translators' textual behaviors when dealing with culture-specific items (CSIs) were analyzed. The results revealed a source-oriented tendency when translating CSIs. The evidence from the textual analysis was interpreted and discussed in terms of the interactions between the translators' collective habitus and the social determinants in the literary field in Taiwan.

Resumen: Translation Studies is an academic discipline that has managed to establish itself as such thanks to the research and theoretical reflection on its main object of study, i.e. translation. Yet, given the applied nature of this field, there is some disagreement as to whether translation theory is relevant in the practice of translation. The never-ending battle between these two dimensions of the discipline has given rise to a series of myths and prejudices concerning Translation Studies that extend into both the sphere of translation as a profession and the academic context. Although a number of authors have highlighted the contributions that translation theory has to offer in the training of translators (Gile 1995, 2010; Chesterman and Wagner 2002; Munday 2012), Translation theory usually plays a secondary role in the curricula of Spanish universities. At the same time, students' attitude towards the more theoretical subjects seems to be one of rejection. Here we conduct an empirical study to analyse the preconceptions that Translation and Interpreting (T&I) undergraduate and post-graduate students have concerning the usefulness and benefits of translation theory in their training.

Resumen: The Translation Studies Reader provides a definitive survey of the most important and influential developments in translation theory and research, with an emphasis on twentieth-century developments. With introductory essays prefacing each section, the book places a wide range of seminal and innovative readings within their thematic, cultural and historical contexts.

Resumen: Translation Studies presents an integrated concept based on the theory and practice of translation. The author adapts linguistic approaches and methods in such a way that they may be usefully employed in the theory, practice, and analysis of literary translation. The author develops a more cultural approach through text analysis and cross-cultural communication studies. The book is a contribution to the development of translation studies as a discipline in its own right.

Resumen: Susan Bassnett traces the history of translation, examining the ways translation is currently utilized as a burgeoning interdisciplinary activity and extending her analysis into developing areas such as developing technologies and new media forms. Translation Studies displays the importance of translation across disciplines.

Resumen: This is a completely revised and updated version of one of the standard works on translation theory. The original model was one of the first attempts to apply pragmatic theories of language use to the assessment of translation quality. This pragmatic perspective is now enriched in the light of research into the interdependency of lenguage, situation and culture. Specifically, issues of culture-specific discourse behaviour modes, value-systems and perspectives are confronted with the demands of intelcultural communication imposed by the translational task. In the light of detailed contrastive studies of the language-pair German and English, the author illustrates the workings of a so-called "cultural filter" in different types of text under different conditions. In the light of these findings, the notions of "covert" and "overt" translation and their appropriacy under different social constraints are radically revised. The new model for the analysis of source text and translation is applied to a corpus of German-English English-German translations.

Resumen: The paper aims at studying the relationship between contrastive linguistics (CL) and translation as branches of applied linguistics, on one hand, and the use of computer corpora (C.C) on the other. It also stresses the fact that the boundaries of CL have been redrawn to incorporate the output of C.C in performing various tasks in translation, that goes beyond the traditional methods of CL carried out exclusively on solving problems in foreign language teaching (FLT). The paper supports the call for the manipulation of data obtained from CC in contrastive linguistic projects for the betterment of translation quality. Previously, CL was concerned with linguistic systems rather than language use, but with the introduction of corpora, language use become more easily accessible and the field of CL has expanded. The access to huge amounts of original texts and their translation in electronic format is of great benefit to professional translators, since a wide range of translation solutions for any particular source language are available by a gentle hit on the required tagging key. As for translation-oriented corpus based CL it becomes obvious that the actual contrastive study will be carried out in order to obtain data for explaining the various phenomena in translation. Hence, translation as a communicative event can assume a fully-fledged descriptive discipline if it manages to develop its own descriptive tools of study. Computer corpora can play a decisive role in turning translation into a well-established academic discipline.

Resumen: The notion of systems has helped revolutionize translation studies since the 1970s. As a key part of many descriptive approaches, it has broken with the prescriptive focus on what translation should be, encouraging researchers to ask what translation does in specific cultural settings. From his privileged position as a direct participant in these developments, Theo Hermans explains how contemporary descriptive approaches came about, what the basic ideas were, and how those ideas have evolved over time. His discussion addresses the fundamental problems of translation norms, equivalence, polysystems and social systems, covering not only the work of Levý, Holmes, Even-Zohar, Toury, Lefevere, Lambert, Van Leuven-Zwart, Dhulst and others, but also giving special attention to recent contributions derived from Pierre Bourdieu and Niklas Luhmann. An added focus on practical questions of how to investigate translation (problems of definition, description, assessment of readerships, etc.)

Resumen: The article takes a look at the translation of children's literature intended for reading aloud. The pragmatic (or theoretical) point of departure is a 'narrative contract' between the child (audience) and the reader as in the oral tradition of yesteryear. It is therefore argued that, at least initially, children's literature for reading aloud was a continuation of the narrative tradition in the extended family adapted to the conditions and mores of the nuclear family. The nuclear family was a 19th century innovation promoted by the new middle classes, and they best carried on the narrative tradition by means of stories such as those of the brothers Grimm in Germany and Hans Christian Andersen in Denmark. Referring to an informal questionnaire among Translation Studies scholars covering eleven countries, it is concluded that the tradition of reading aloud for children is alive and well. This leads to a model for the translational situation for read-aloud literature that calls for guiding principles in the exploration of differences between 'originals' and 'translations.' Having introduced such layers, viz. the structural, the linguistic, the content and intentional ones, a paratextual and chronological layer are also called for, because of the ubiquity of modern co-prints and the need to introduce diachronic perspectives. The article discusses decision-makers in the process of translation, such as publishers and the like, and also briefly views questions of translational traditions before it discusses translations of the Grimm Tales into English and Danish, to conclude that there are two different schools of 'respectable translators,' one targeting stories for reading aloud and another for silent reading, even though the translators may not be aware of this. The final part takes up questions concerning the translation of names, rhymes, and a highly complex text which is discussed in depth. The conclusion is that translation for reading aloud is an art requiring great competence of translators. It also ought to attract more attention from Translation Studies scholars because it questions fundamentals in translation work that are also found in other types of translation.

Resumen: Linguistic expressions in every language have established patterns with meanings that can be inferred by linguistic conventions. Languages have their own norms and expressing systems that make transferred linguistic formulas seem odd. Any deviation from the established patterns can be referred to as interference. Interference in translation is the transfer of some linguistic aspect of the source text (ST) into the target text (TT). The term includes any kind of influence that is exerted by the linguistic properties of the ST on the linguistic properties of the TT. Lexical items and syntactic structures of the source language are copied into the TT, resulting in the phenomenon called 'translationese'. As a result of interference, translation has introduced a plethora of words, expressions, and constructions into Arabic, resulting in a change in modern Arabic style. One phenomenon that Arabic has witnessed in modern times is linguistic recycle. This term refers to the re-utilization of translated expressions and syntactic structures in Arabic in its intra-linguistic operation (opposed to the inter-linguistic event of translation). The language community has been using these translation-introduced formulations although they do not conform to the canonical patterns of Arabic. Being unaware of this fact, speakers of Arabic use the translation-introduced expressions and constructions instead of the native ones although they have at their disposal a variety of formulations to express the same ideas. Linguistic recycle can be categorized into the three areas of lexis, syntax, and culture. Using a contrastive approach, the paper investigates the areas of lexis and syntax, demonstrating the pervasiveness of this phenomenon and its impact on Arabic. Corpora of Arabic have been used to detect and verify occurrences of expressions and structures.

Resumen: In this study we use a translation corpus of English novels translated into two closely related Celtic languages, Welsh and Breton, as one way of shedding light on the extent to which languages can influence each other over time: Welsh has a long history of contact with English, and Breton with French. Ever since the work of Leonard Talmy (1991, 2000 etc.), linguists have recognized that languages fall into a small number of types with respect to how they prefer to talk about motion events. English is a good exemplar of the satellite-framed type, whereas French exemplifies the verb-framed type. Translation scholars have observed that translating between languages of two different types raises interesting questions (Slobin 2005b, Cappelle 2012), and the topic is also of interest from the perspective of language contact: is it possible for a language of one type, in a situation of prolonged and intense bilingualism with a language of another type, to be influenced or perhaps even to change its own rhetorical preferences? The translation corpus provides a body of data which holds constant the starting point - the cue in each case was an English motion event in the source text. We do indeed find that Welsh and Breton have diverged in important ways in terms of their preferences for encoding motion events: Breton is revealed to have moved significantly in the direction of French with respect to these preferences.

Resumen: Translation is one of the most important cross-linguistic and cross-cultural practices. This short introduction focuses on what you need to know about it: the different perspectives on translation and key issues such as equivalence in translation, translation evaluation, and the role of translation in language teaching, globalization, and intercultural communication.

Resumen: This guide presents readers with an accessible and engaging introduction to the valuable position translation holds within literature and society. Leading translation theorist, Susan Bassnett traces the history of translation, examining the ways translation is currently utilised as a burgeoning interdisciplinary activity and considers more recent research into developing technologies and new media forms. Translation displays the importance of translation across disciplines, and is essential reading for students and scholars of translation, literary studies, globalisation studies, and ancient and modern languages.

Resumen: Translation is an interdisciplinary activity in which translators must consider all aspects of the text being translated, including both psychology and ideology. They must also view translation as a complex process that spans linguistic, cultural, economic, and ideological factors, analysing intricate issues that usually lie at the boundaries of languages, cultures, and societies. This paper examines the challenges inherent in translating the sociolinguistic aspects of Thartharah fawq al-Nil (1966), published in English as "Adrift on the Nile" (1993) - challenges that include drug addicts' slang and jargon, register, and figurative language. The specific objective is to identify error patterns produced by the translator and to analyse these errors quantitatively and qualitatively, assessing their negative impact on the reader and suggesting possible solutions. "Adrift on the Nile" is an important novel in an exceptional period of modern Egyptian history, and is regarded by many critics as "one of the richest essays on symbolism" (Allen 1982:?145). This paper calls for adopting a more sociolinguistic perspective when translating unique texts overloaded with cultural and socio-political meanings.

Resumen: This paper examines the translation of economic texts authored by Nobel Prize winner Paul Krugman, published originally by The New York Times in both their printed and Internet editions, and in Spanish by El País. It comprises a small parallel corpus of eighteen original columns and their equivalent Spanish versions, a total of 31,196 words. The article will consider the translation of stable sources (Hernández Guerrero 2009) within the narrative of the economic recession that started in early 2010s. It will use Nord's functional model (2005) to analyse the texts. The objectives of the study are: (1) to establish whether translators opt for instrumental or documentary translation, and (2) to consider whether stable sources such as the opinion columns written by prominent figures can be regarded as closed sources that do not accept major shifts during the translational process. I will look at extratextual factors such as time, space and motivation, as well as intratextual features such as linking devices, thematic organization, markers of text composition and lexis. In the final section, I will attempt to provide an interpretation from the perspective of communication studies, which might inform translation research as well. For the discussion I will draw on Castells' proposal for the study of media discourse and its connection with the political power (2009).

Resumen: This study used the thinking-aloud method to investigate the working processes of translating an expository from english to Chinese. Five translation students and five translation expert participated in this study. They were asked to translate a paragraph of expository text in a published book and verbalized their thoughts while translating the text from English into Chinese. This paper reports and discusses some results af the in-progress date analysis of the study. After studying the cognitive moves present in the expert and the novice translating processes, differences were found between the students and the experts in terms of outside resourses, negotation of competing pressures, etc. The study is significant in identifying the key elements and strategies that characterize expert working processes, which in turn will shed lights on translator and teaching. This study in another step forward from my previous study of investigating the cognitive processes of translating. The reason for adding this dimension of expert vs. novice comparison is primarily pedagogical. If differences were indeed found between experts and novices, such information could be used to develop pedagogical tools for translation students. In this way, the experts can set a model for the students not only in what they can produce in translation but also how they have produced such translation. In other words, it can provide a source for cognitive apprenticeship, which may affect students beyond the limits of the conventional teaching method of having students study "good" translated texts. Second, by looking al how experts and students might use certain skiils diferently, it is possible to identify some feautures that exclusively characterize experts and that may be teachable but not yet taught explicitly to students. In short, the expert-novice comparision would have much to offer to translation instruction in terms of both what to teach and how to teach.

Resumen: Ideology is a major issue in Translation Studies. With a case study of the Chinese translations of English news headlines concerning the South China Sea disputes on the website of www.ftchinese.com, this paper attempts to provide insights into the translation of ideologies in news in the Chinese context. In the theoretical framework of critical discourse analysis, the ideological factors underlying the disparity between the English news headlines and their Chinese translations are explored. The three-dimensional model of analysis put forward by Fairclough is modified and adopted in this paper as the basic steps of analysis: firstly, describe the differences between the original and their translations; secondly, associate them with the social reality; finally, account for those differences. In addition, to demonstrate how translators maneuvered to reach a compromise with the antagonistic ideologies which may set difficulties either for the news to win the acceptance of Chinese online readers or pass the Chinese government censorship, this paper offers an analysis of the translation strategies adopted in those Chinese translations, such as substitution, omission as well as the more subtle strategies, including changes of modality and actor. It is found that in the Chinese translations of the English news headlines, translators' priority is on producing translations suitable to target readers and censors' ideology, rather than linguistic equivalents. Therefore, translating ideology-loaded texts adds a new way to understand translation and ideological explorations in Translation Studies have great potentials.

Resumen: El capítulo introductorio enfoca la complejidad de la Traductologia desde tres ejes: histórico, epistemológico y metodológico. Comienza con una selección de antecedentes que se remontan a los orígenes de la traducción como acto comunicativo y marcan la pugna histórica entre alejamiento o acercamiento a la literalidad. Sigue luego el surgimiento de la reflexión sistemática sobre la traducción que se produce hacia la segunda mitad del siglo XX: el estudio de la traducción da lugar a la articulación de tres ramas imbricadas -teórica, descriptiva y aplicada- dentro de las cuales la descriptiva concibe a la traducción como producto, proceso y función; es época de debates epistemológicos que van derivando hacia la idea de la interdisciplinariedad como una de las propiedades esenciales de la Traductología, según enfoques diversos y combinados -lingüístico, cognitivos, culturales, comparativos-. Por último, se enumeran diversas modalidades de estudio de una traducción, señalando que la Traductología ha evolucionado desde las posturas prescriptivas hacia las descriptivas, explicativas y predictivas.