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Resumen: Translators have invented alphabets, helped build languages and written dictionaries. They have contributed to the emergence of national literatures, the dissemination of knowledge and the spread or religions. Importers of foreign cultural values and key players at some of the great moments of history, translators and interpreters have played a determining role in the development of their societies and have been fundamental to the unfolding of intellectual history itself.

Resumen: In the early pos-war decades, Translation Studies was considered to be a subdivisi'on of comparative literature or of applied linguistics, depending on the approach of the scholar concerned. Since the mid-1980s it has gained recognition as an independent discipline in its own right - or, as one might more aptly put it, given the large number of subjects with which it overlaps, an interdiscipline. This was the approach adopted for the international congress held in September 1992 at the Institute of Translation and Interpreting of the University of Vienna to commemorate the 50th anniversary of its foundation. This volume contains a selection of the 163 papers read at the Congress on topics varying from the medieval translator and cultural pluralism to computational tools and the process of simultaneous interpretation.

Resumen: Memes of Translation is a search for coherence in translation theory based on the notion of Memes: ideas that spread, develop and replicate, like genes. The author explores a wide range of ideas on translation, mapping the "meme pool" of translation theory with chapters on translation history, norms, strategies, assessment, ethics, and translator training. The aim of the book is to search for a perspective from which the immense variety of ideas about translation can be related. The unifying thread is the philosophy of Karl Popper. The book proposes the beginnings of a Popperian theory of translation, based on the fundamental concepts of norms, strategies, and values. A key idea is that a translation itself is a theory or hypothesis concerning the source text. This hypothesis is then subjected to testing, refinement, and perhaps even rejection, just like any other hypothesis.

Resumen: A History of Modern Translation Knowledge is the first attempt to map the coming into being of modern thinking about translation. It breaks with the well-established tradition of viewing history through the reductive lens of schools, theories, turns or interdisciplinary exchanges. It also challenges the artificial distinction between past and present and it sustains that the latter's historical roots go back far beyond the 1970s. Translation Studies is but part of a broader set of discourses on translation we propose to label "translation knowledge". This book concentrates on seven processes that make up the history of modern translation knowledge: generating, mapping, internationalising, historicising, analysing, disseminating and applying knowledge. All processes are covered by 58 domain experts and allocated over 55 chapters, with cross-references. This book is indispensable reading for advanced Master- and PhD-students in Translation Studies who need background information on the history of their field, with relevance for Europe, the Americas and large parts of Asia. It will also interest students and scholars working in cultural and social history.