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Resumen: "(...) People are perceived through a "lens" of gender polarisation and assigned to apparently natural categories accordingly. On the basis of this gender assignment, naturalised norms and expectations about verbal behaviour behaviour are imposed upon people. There is a strong tendency for gender stereotyping to set in. Stereotyping involves a reductive tendency. Like caricatures, stereotypes focus obsessively on certain characteristics, real or imagined, and exaggerate them".

Resumen: "Stories of female spirituality in the Spanish Baroque most often result from the interaction between the mystic's original testimonies and the voice of a male author, typically the woman's confessor, who transcribes and interprets the initial texts while endowing them with legitimization. (...) In this paper, I will discuss the idea of the self-effaced translator in male narrations of famale spirituality by focusing the Vida de Getrudes de San Ildefonso, the biography of a Poor Claire nun who lived in Quito, what is now Ecuador, during the second half of the seventeenth century" .

Resumen: Every act of speech that refers to the action of another human being, without stating the proper name or a full reference for the agent, requires pronouns. If the gender of the agent is concealed in any way, the applied pronouns should be generic and all-inclusive including male, female and neutral participants in the action. Pronouns, as words which specify the noun, have to be detailed enough to give a sufficient reference to the agent of the action, but they must also be general enough as to leave room for some interpretation. Ideally, a generic pronoun does not hold a gendered connotation in itself. It should be the unmarked pronoun, equalitarian in its meaning and all-inclusive in its connotation. Gender in most languages is expressed mainy through inflectional affixes on nouns, changes of articles and agreement of other parts of speech. In gendered languages such as German aand French, gender categories for nouns - femenine, masculine and neuter- are only loosely connected to the real world, unless, of course, the reference is in fact human or animal. The arbitratiness may cause some frustration in the language learner, but translating grammatical genderas masculine=male, femenine=female and neuter=sexless should logically be avoided.