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Resumen: The notion of systems has helped revolutionize translation studies since the 1970s. As a key part of many descriptive approaches, it has broken with the prescriptive focus on what translation should be, encouraging researchers to ask what translation does in specific cultural settings. From his privileged position as a direct participant in these developments, Theo Hermans explains how contemporary descriptive approaches came about, what the basic ideas were, and how those ideas have evolved over time. His discussion addresses the fundamental problems of translation norms, equivalence, polysystems and social systems, covering not only the work of Levý, Holmes, Even-Zohar, Toury, Lefevere, Lambert, Van Leuven-Zwart, Dhulst and others, but also giving special attention to recent contributions derived from Pierre Bourdieu and Niklas Luhmann. An added focus on practical questions of how to investigate translation (problems of definition, description, assessment of readerships, etc.)

Resumen: In very tense and conflicting situations, translators/interpreters/mediators are sometimes led to smooth the terms or the tone or any other aspect of a message, and this for several reasons. The verb "to buffer" relates to an act of "cushioning" and "lessening the effect of", but can also refer to a neutralizing chemical treatment. There is also Bufferin, the buffered aspirin, coated with a substance capable of neutralizing acid, so as to avoid the undesirable side-effects of the drug (such as ulcers and stomach bleeding). When translators "percolate" a message before rendering it in the other language, they function as a sort of buffer. Interpreting is a field where this happens quite often, because in interpreting situations there may be many elements that contribute to create a situation of imminent clash. Nonetheless authors of written translations also find themselves for some reason compelled to smooth the harshness of some words, use less vibrant colors to create a "typical picture" of a certain culture, and even neutralize exalted attitudes of one or more parties.

Resumen: 1) General study and examination techniques. 2) Introduction to community law and the study of community law. 3) The development of the communities and the legislative and budgetary procedures. 4) The forms of community law. 5) Supremacy and reception in the member states. 6) The jurisdiction of the court of justice in direct actions. 7) The jurisdiction of the court of justice in indirect actions. 8) Free movement of persons. 10) EEC competition law. 11) Sex discrimination.

Resumen: "(...) efectuaremos un breve análisis de distintas escenas correspondientes a largometrajes extranjeros subtitulados o doblados al español, en el que describiremos el efecto de estos procedimientos de traducción [domesticación y extranjerización] sobre los nombres propios, los alimentos, el humor, los juegos de palabras, así como sobre elementos de carácter ideológico, como los estereotipos sexuales y las identidades nacionales".

Resumen: Section I. Some general issues: Paper 1. On the idea of a theory, Paper 2. Shared ground in Translation Studies, Paper 3. What constitutes "progress" in Translation Studies?, Paper 4. Towards consilience?. Section II. Descriptive and prescriptive: Paper 5. The empirical status of prescriptivism, Paper 6. Skopos theory: A retrospective assessment, Paper 7. Catford revisited, Paper 8. The descriptive paradox, or how theory can affect practice. Section III. Causality and explanation: Paper 9. Causes, translations, effects, Paper 10. A causal model for Translation Studies, Paper 11. Semiotic modalities in translation causality, Paper 12. On explanation. Section IV. Norms: Paper 13. From 'is' to 'ought': Laws, norms and strategies in Translation Studies, Paper 14. A note on norms and evidence. Section V. Similarities and differences: Paper 15. On similarity, Paper 16. Problems with strategies, Paper 17. The unbearable lightness of English words. Section VI. Hypotheses: Paper 18. The status of interpretive hypotheses, Paper 19. Reflections on the literal translation hypothesis. Section VII. "Universals": Paper 20. Beyond the particular, Paper 21. What is a unique item?, Paper 22. Kundera's sentence, Paper 23. Universalism in Translation Studies. Section VIII. The sociological turn: Paper 24. Questions in the sociology of translation, Paper 25. The name and nature of Translator Studies, Paper 26. Models of what processes?. Section IX. Translation ethics: Paper 27. Proposal for a Hieronymic Oath, Paper 28. An ethical decision.

Resumen: Memes of Translation is a search for coherence in translation theory based on the notion of Memes: ideas that spread, develop and replicate, like genes. The author explores a wide range of ideas on translation, mapping the "meme pool" of translation theory with chapters on translation history, norms, strategies, assessment, ethics, and translator training. The aim of the book is to search for a perspective from which the immense variety of ideas about translation can be related. The unifying thread is the philosophy of Karl Popper. The book proposes the beginnings of a Popperian theory of translation, based on the fundamental concepts of norms, strategies, and values. A key idea is that a translation itself is a theory or hypothesis concerning the source text. This hypothesis is then subjected to testing, refinement, and perhaps even rejection, just like any other hypothesis.

Resumen: When te late Mr. J. G. Horner compiled the original edition of this work, he aimed at producing a comprehensive dictionary of the general and traditional terms used by draughtsmen, pattern-makers, moulders, smiths, boliler-makers, fitters, turners, erectors and engineering storekeepers. The result was more than a dictionary. It might best be described as a condensed encyclopaedia of mechanical engineering practice, with the practical aspects as strongly represented as the theoretical (no doubt as a result of the twenty-seven years of his life which the autor had spent on the shop floor).

Resumen: Chapter 1. The Constitutionalization of Criminal Procedure - Chapter 2. Arrest, Search and Seizure - Chapter 3. Wiretapping, Electronic Eavesdropping, and the Use of Secret Agents - Chapter 4. Police Interrogations and Confessions - Chapter 5. Lineups and Other Pretrial Identification Procedures - Chapter 6. The Exclusionary Rules and Their Application - Chapter 7. Right to Counsel - Chapter 8. The Post-Investigatory Process: From Bail to Appellate Review.

Resumen: PART ONE: The civil law tradition ; PART TWO: The common law tradition ; PART THREE: The socialist law tradition.