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Resumen: The notion of systems has helped revolutionize translation studies since the 1970s. As a key part of many descriptive approaches, it has broken with the prescriptive focus on what translation should be, encouraging researchers to ask what translation does in specific cultural settings. From his privileged position as a direct participant in these developments, Theo Hermans explains how contemporary descriptive approaches came about, what the basic ideas were, and how those ideas have evolved over time. His discussion addresses the fundamental problems of translation norms, equivalence, polysystems and social systems, covering not only the work of Levý, Holmes, Even-Zohar, Toury, Lefevere, Lambert, Van Leuven-Zwart, Dhulst and others, but also giving special attention to recent contributions derived from Pierre Bourdieu and Niklas Luhmann. An added focus on practical questions of how to investigate translation (problems of definition, description, assessment of readerships, etc.)

Resumen: In very tense and conflicting situations, translators/interpreters/mediators are sometimes led to smooth the terms or the tone or any other aspect of a message, and this for several reasons. The verb "to buffer" relates to an act of "cushioning" and "lessening the effect of", but can also refer to a neutralizing chemical treatment. There is also Bufferin, the buffered aspirin, coated with a substance capable of neutralizing acid, so as to avoid the undesirable side-effects of the drug (such as ulcers and stomach bleeding). When translators "percolate" a message before rendering it in the other language, they function as a sort of buffer. Interpreting is a field where this happens quite often, because in interpreting situations there may be many elements that contribute to create a situation of imminent clash. Nonetheless authors of written translations also find themselves for some reason compelled to smooth the harshness of some words, use less vibrant colors to create a "typical picture" of a certain culture, and even neutralize exalted attitudes of one or more parties.

Resumen: "(...) efectuaremos un breve análisis de distintas escenas correspondientes a largometrajes extranjeros subtitulados o doblados al español, en el que describiremos el efecto de estos procedimientos de traducción [domesticación y extranjerización] sobre los nombres propios, los alimentos, el humor, los juegos de palabras, así como sobre elementos de carácter ideológico, como los estereotipos sexuales y las identidades nacionales".