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Resumen: This article provides evidence for the applicability of free translation to legal texts, based on an examination of actual cases of Japanese-to-English translation of agreements and contracts in which problems arise from literal translation. The data analysis shows that pitfalls associated with literal translation are attributable to not only the difficulty of finding terminological equivalents that inevitably arises from the differences in the Japanese and American legal and cultural systems, but also to the importance of preserving the spirit of mutual trust and cooperation that is found in Japanese business transactions. It is also postulated that general linguistic and interpretive problems inherent in Japanese-to-English translation of nontechnical texts, including redundancy, ambiguity, propensity for nonspecific statements, and the lack of linguistic clues (e.g., indicators of number), have fundamental, but not well understood, implications for legal translation. The conclusions indicate the need for an integrated approach to legal translation practice that uses both literal and free translations, taking into full account the linguistic, cultural, and legal factors at work in the translation process.

Resumen: A variety of translation issues are addressed, including: cultural differences, register and dialect, grammatical differences, genre, technical, scientific and legal texts, journalistic and informative texts, literary and dramatic texts. Each chapter includes suggestions for classroom discussion and a set of practical exercises designed to explore issues and consolidate skills.

Resumen: Songs of all types as a distinct artistic genre can be very informative means of understanding the cultural and social construct of a given society. Like poetry, especially the oral form, which heavily relies on colloquialism, as is the case within a Jordanian context, songs can bear cultural, and historical allusions, genealogy, and mythology, in some cultures to be performed on related contemporary occasions. The present study is an attempt to analyze the social, cultural and historic allusions, linguistically interwoven in national and patriotic songs to reflect a massive feeling as the content of an artistic aspect of the ordinary people's everyday life. Due to cultural and social distinctiveness, as mainly expressed in colloquial Arabic expressions, such type of songs can create gaps hard to bridge in translation. Therefore, the study tries to shed light into those problems posed in translating national songs, which are richly loaded with colloquial expressions, to a target audience.

Resumen: his paper argues that since in general, it is inadvisable for translation to disregard the possible unintelligibility of the text, a web of significance or signification must be reproduced irrespective of seemingly insurmountable translation difficulties. Interpretation is related to the issues of cultural translation and (un)translatability in cultural terms, necessitating a clutch of interpretative modes prior to the effective formulation of appropriate translation strategies. Temporal and cultural gaps tend to create difficulties in interpretation, and cultural pluralism may lead to multiple, hence different, interpretations. Principally because of translation, we have progressed into the age of multiculturalism, and it is not just that the necessity of acculturation seems to be diminishing, but there is a real desire to spurn it. Foreignization is a political issue. Accordingly, the tensions of ideological incommensurability need to be dissipated in order to facilitate cross-cultural understanding and communication. A degree of ideological pluralism permits cultural diversity distinctively marked by tolerance of difference and attempts to reduce an underlying distrust of the foreign. Multiculturalism, however, by no means denotes the demise of ideology. In spite of its ostensible theoretical naivety, intentionalism has some serious implications for the translator, who may ignore at his/her own peril, for instance, the complex ideological consciousness that informs not only the source text but also the resulting target text. If we say that both the author and the reader are responsible for context or its construction, then the translator must play the double role of reader and author in the sense of (re)constructing context. While we interpret with many aims, the act of interpretation is culturally and ideologically conditioned, and the ensuing complicated remapping is such that translation is always somewhat adrift

Resumen: Translation is to reproduce the meaning and style of a source language text in a target language text in consideration of the cultural differences. Because of dramatic differences between the cultures, translators have to sacrifice something, such as time, religious connotation, and the wording of the original poem to obtain its aesthetic value and its original beauty. In this paper the author examines the poetry translation focusing on the basic concepts of cultural translation and the difficulties of Chinese poetry translation, and special attentions are paid on losses and the strategies in the translation. Beginning from the basic concepts of cultural translation, the paper expounds the essence of the cultural translation in order to lay a sound foundation for the following analysis of the poetry translation. In Part 2, the paper points out the difficulties of Chinese poetry translation that arise from the differences between Chinese and English cultures .Part 3 is a tentative analysis of the losses in the English translation of Chinese poetry and categorizes the losses into four groups:the loss of time;the loss of religious connotation ;the loss in wording; the loss of allusion. To address the losses, the author proposes several strategies such as free translation , transfer of allusion and annotation.

Resumen: Toda producción intelectual o artística está ligada a los condicionamientos culturales de su época. La traducción literaria no es excepción: como actividad productora de textos, se ve afectada por los factores culturales, la visión del mundo de una determinada sociedad, los modelos textuales ofrecidos por esa sociedad, la orientación hacia textos ya aceptados y el discurso que comparten el escritor y el lector. Theo D'Haen presenta varios casos en que los condicionamientos culturales explican traducciones dispares de una misma obra clásica, como el Julio César de Sahkespeare, realizadas en diversos países y épocas. Dichos casos parecen confirmar la idea de que la escritura o la traducción no son completas sin el concurso del lector y la sanción de la sociedad para los que se escribe o traduce. Ahora bien, la traducción de textos clásicos, al realizarse sobre supuestos culturales que no suelen coincidir con los de la época del autor, corre el riesgo de desvirtuar el original si no respeta la lectura que éste exige.

Resumen: In this paper, an attempt is made to link the deployment of translation strategies in the target text with the act of conceptual mediation at the cognitive level. Data are drawn from how alien sources are translated from and into Chinese. It is argued that conceptual mediation in terms of processing economy is related to how a strategy might be deployed. In this respect, source deletion is the most economical but its outcome the least desirable for translation. On the other hand, substitution is the least economical but could preserve both the imagery and underlying concept of the source. Trans-coding and paraphrasing stand in between, with the former preserving the imagery and the latter the underlying concept. The statistics from four translated texts is in agreement with this processing economy conceivable at the cognitive level.

Resumen: "(...) Vamos a emprender un estudio de una obra africana, L'Ex-père de la nation, de Aminata Sow Fall, aplicando los pensamientos sobre la traducción de Benjamin (a través de las lecturas e interpretaciones de Carol Jacobs y Paul de Man). Sow Fall es una escritora senegalesa y ésta es su cuarta obra. Todos sus trabajos versan sobre la sociedad contemporánea africana y sobre el choque entre las prácticas tradicionales y las corrientes modernizadoras de las naciones en vías de industrialización. En The Former Father of the Nation (traducción al inglés de la obra), Madiama, un hombre normal y honrado, ha accedido a la presidencia de su país por aclamación popular. Aunque sus intenciones son buenas, no posee la habilidad maquiavélica para tratar con sus consejeros hambrientos de poder ni la capacidad necesaria para sacar a su país de la situación económica que ha heredado. La historia es, pues, una crónica del fracaso de un gobernante desinteresado".

Resumen: Con motivo del IV Centenario de la publicación de la famosa novela de Miguel de Cervantes, este artículo ha querido acercarnos las traducciones al inglés que se han realizada de esta obra en estos cuatro siglos. Su principal objetivo es investigar cómo habían resuelto los traductores de diferentes épocas las dificultades que presenta la obra y si, como ocurre en otras ocasiones, los traductores más recientes se habían basado en los traductores precedentes. Gracias a la investigación realizada se ha tomado conciencia de la repercusión a escala internacional de "El ingenioso hidalgo Don Quijote de la Mancha". Este estudio pretende brindar la oportunidad de acercar al lector a diferentes traducciones y de comprobar la evolución que han experimentado los patrones de traducción a lo largo de los siglos.