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Resumen: In very tense and conflicting situations, translators/interpreters/mediators are sometimes led to smooth the terms or the tone or any other aspect of a message, and this for several reasons. The verb "to buffer" relates to an act of "cushioning" and "lessening the effect of", but can also refer to a neutralizing chemical treatment. There is also Bufferin, the buffered aspirin, coated with a substance capable of neutralizing acid, so as to avoid the undesirable side-effects of the drug (such as ulcers and stomach bleeding). When translators "percolate" a message before rendering it in the other language, they function as a sort of buffer. Interpreting is a field where this happens quite often, because in interpreting situations there may be many elements that contribute to create a situation of imminent clash. Nonetheless authors of written translations also find themselves for some reason compelled to smooth the harshness of some words, use less vibrant colors to create a "typical picture" of a certain culture, and even neutralize exalted attitudes of one or more parties.

Resumen: Language varies depending not only on the individual speaker but also on the specific situation in which speakers find themselves. This means that the language used in a given social environment may be perfectly translatable into a different language, but the society to which this other language belongs may not recognise the situation described by the first language. This article presents some examples of cultural values which cannot be translated literally (or which, if translated literally, will convey a message not intended in the original language/culture) and reaches the condusion that, as a result of all this, there cannot be a simple answer to whether language can translate society. In some cases, it will be perfectly possible; in others, the translator will have to adopt a technique which reflects the society he or she is translating for, rather than the society described in the original text.

Resumen: In this article I will discuss the implications of considering tranlation as a regulated discursive practice whose determinations are historical in nature. In the first part I will attempt to show some of the reasons why it is important for us to look a traslation, and then - in the second part- I will take examples of remarks by translators published in prefaces to their translations into French which appeared in the first part of the eighteenth century. I would claim, however, that such an approach would also fruitful if applied to modern translation theory.

Resumen: Este es un análisis de la literatura de un autor francés desde sus obras traducidas a nuestra lengua y lo que surge del análisis traductológico. La autora de este trabajo pone bajo la lupa elementos culturales que "se hacen patentes en el proceso de trasvase lingüístico-cultural y aún más en la confrontación con otras variantes lingüístico-culturales".

Resumen: "Al igual que sucede con el arte, el lenguaje y los textos contemporáneos son espejo, cómo no, de estos cambios sociales, y, con el lenguaje y los textos, también lo son la traducción y los traductores, cuya labor es cada vez más importante en un mundo global en el que las instituciones internacionales han asumido el papel de mediar en el cruce y choque entre discursos y culturas".

Resumen: El autor de este estudio sostiene que existe una voz del traductor (una presencia discursiva) en la traducción. Por esa razón, se propone hallar y analizar rastros de esa voz. De ese modo, se fortalecería la idea de que una traducción es una nueva enunciación y no una mera reproducción. También propone tomar la traducción como un fenómeno social reconocido, una categoría intelectual y una práctica cultural.

Resumen: En los últimos años, el estudio del concepto de “ideología” en la traducción audiovisual ha captado la atención de los investigadores en el ámbito de la traducción. El presente estudio tiene como objetivo examinar el impacto de la ideología en la traducción audiovisual de tres películas de animación de Hollywood. En primer lugar, se ha abordado el concepto de ideología y hegemonía en las producciones de Hollywood. En segundo, ha sido evaluada minuciosamente la traducción de elementos culturales, así como los tabúes; finalmente los casos mencionados se han examinado desde la perspectiva de la teoría de Venuti (2008). Los resultados, en síntesis, indican que los traductores hacen todo lo posible para adaptar las películas originales y lograr una versión localizada de las mismas. Asimismo, sugieren que ocupar una posición cultural “subordinada” y “minoritaria” o bien una “hegemónica” desempeña un papel clave en las decisiones de los traductores. Es decir, cuando se está traduciendo de una cultura dominante a una minoritaria, se forma una especie de resistencia, que conlleva que las instituciones culturales de la sociedad de destino utilicen la traducción como su último bastión cultural.

Resumen: La autora comienza por enunciar que el que habla en su propia lengua ya está realizando una primera traducción para que los otros puedan comprenderlo. Es este un intento de reflejar la idea que una persona quiere expresar. El trabajo de traducción es muy similar, aunque alguien intervenga para interpretar las reflexiones de otro.

Resumen: For political and military considerations, English has become an international language used in all aspects of life: the language of advanced science, the internet, and business communication. Both English and Arabic are two of the official languages used in the United Nations for meetings, discussions, negotiation and documentation. The above mentioned fields might be free of culture and religion because the language of science, for instance, is direct and the action is the most important element of meaning which is more important than the doer. Obviously, the same thing is applicable on the language of business or stock markets in London, New York and Dubai. But when it comes to the language of politics and mass media which processes politics, the linguistic situation becomes different due to the excessive use of cultural and religious metaphors and religious terminologies deep-rooted in most classical and modern languages like Arabic which is the language of the holy Koran followed by one billion and half people. This number is expected to rise sharply due to the high birth rate in the Muslim World as this is recommended by Islamic teachings. This means that Arabic will increasingly spoken by a large number of people worldwide. The misinterpretation of certain Arabic, political and religious terminologies results in communicative problems for politicians and journalists who could be native speakers of Arabic or English. For the purpose of investigating this communicative problem, we collected data from 10 journalists who were Arab, British and American. They were chosen randomly and asked about the terrorism connotations of frequently used Arabic terms in mass media like: islamist, martyr, strugglers, Jihad: holy war, sacrifice, Martyr operation, guerillas, etc. Those religious, political and conceptually loaded words were described, classified and codified as the most terrorism words and the most problematic words for western journalists and/or politicians. The study has revealed that they are so because they seem to represent a linguistic interface and a big aggressive concept as seen by western journalists. On top of that, they are loaded with culturally bound connotations, images and signals. On the contrary, the Arab journalists did not see these words in the way of their western colleagues did.

Resumen: The notion of norm has been discussed from different points of view in Soviet linguistics: the literary norm, the norm of the target language, the stylistic norm, the norm of equivalence /Komissarov, 1980/. In this paper we shall consider the pragmatic aspects of translation that are connected with the participants in the translation act: the Sender (S), the Reciever (R), the Translator (Tr).

Resumen: The translation of Inazo Nitobe's Bushido: the Soul of Japan (1905) by Millán-Astray, the founder of the Spanish Foreign Legion (1941), has been studied from the point of view of the contexts, pretexts and texts of the source text (ST) and the translated text (TT). Nitobe's context and pretext meant that his discourse was primarily one of cultural mediation, an attempt to build bridges between East and West, but also to strengthen the position of Japan. Millán-Astray's context and pretext meant that his discourse was intended to inspire the youth of Spain, but also, and this was even more important, to strengthen Franco's regime and give prestige to the Spanish Foreign Legion. The pretexts of both author and translator can be found in the paratextual elements of the ST (1905) and the TT (1941). However, both texts have been re-edited several times in different formats, without the original introductions and prologues and this raises the question of how the inclusion or omission of this information may affect the reader's interpretation of text as discourse.

Resumen: This paper concisely reinvestigates translatorial action and observes that the 'meaning' of lexical items is not the same with the 'sense' of lexical items. The central distinctions between the two terms are that the meaning of lexical items is not only a subjective application, but is also dependent on its environment for its truth-value within any given linguistic discourse. The sense of a word however, refers to its objective use and is context independent. Meaning is viewed as having a direct link with the communicative approach to translation. The approach derives from the Communication Theory, which core assumption is that unpredictability is equivalent to informativity. Unpredictability can be unravelled by building in redundancy into the target text to avoid communication overload.pThrough a rigorous theoretical explications coupled with an avalanche of exemplifications, it is observed that communicatively generated texts appear smoother and more comprehensible than its semantic counter part. However, the writers, suggest that the communicative approach to translation is necessarily applicable in cases of use variations occasioned by differential discourse practice between the source and the target language socio-cultures. Sequel to that, use variations between languages and socio-cultures in contact often pose linguistic structures that resist semantic rendition, because it fails to recapture the ideational content of the source language text in such instances. It is the failure of the semantic approach to yield adequate text(s) at the target end that necessitates the communicative type.

Resumen: The translation, dissemination and reception of knowledge has served as an excellent indicator of changing ideologies and the major catalyst for institutional changes, language reforms and social transformation in China. However, English representations of the Chinese tradition of translation (e.g. Hung 2005; Hung and Pollard 2009) have not incorporated research findings from Chinese studies (e.g. Cohen 1995; Amelung, Kurtz and Lackner 2001; Elman 2005) and tend to provide unsubstantiated generalizations and hasty conclusions. This article uses a combination of "cultural tool" (Even-Zohar 2005) and "culture planning" (Even-Zohar 2008) as a frame of reference to provide a macroscopic perspective on knowledge translation in different Chinese historical periods as "a means of planning" (Toury 2002:?166) to promote religious agendas, modernize traditional Chinese natural studies, Westernize educational and academic systems, facilitate modernization of the state or participate in global knowledge production.

Resumen: Implied meaning is not an inherent part of translation, but it is important all the same as no one says everything while speaking. Implied messages are often perceived through shared experiences. To decode and encode an implied cultural meaning calls for a thorough understanding of that culture. The translator should be able to distinguish a consciously implied meaning from an unconscious one. In the former, the locutor passes on the message indirectly but is not ready to accept responsibility for the implied meaning. In the second case, the locutor has no intention to deliberately hide his intentions behind the words. However, this can lead to intercultural communication problems. To my mind, the attitude of a translator to these implied meanings is this: be as faithful as possible to the spirit of the deliberately hidden message, but be more explicit where the implied meaning seems to have been hidden unconsciously. There is however need for caution as the translator cannot be too sure of knowing the attitude of the author all the time.

Resumen: The case study examined in depth is a comparison analysis of the classical English novel Tess of the D'Urbervilles by Thomas Hardy, which has been translated into Chinese seven times, with seven versions preserving the novel form of the original. The present study will elaborate on the differences between two Chinese versions of Tess of the D'Urbervilles, one is Zhang Guruo's version translated in 1934, and the other is Sun Zhili's version translated in 1999, with regard to language style, literature, concept, acceptance of context, as well as the different translation strategies translators adopted in different historical, social and cultural contexts. The study also examines the special role played in the process by the two translations. The present paper thus contributes both to translation studies and to literary theory. The comparison is carried out by answering the following questions: - What are the social cultural impacts on the first translation and the retranslation? - What kind of selection tendencies do the two translators have? - What are the specific translation strategies adopted by the translators in the field of social customs, history and religion, literature and art, Bible and other allusions, literature and historical figures? Why?

Resumen: Cualquier comunicación debe garantizar que, entre el emisor y el receptor del mensaje, se cree un puente y que ya no existan barreras. En este sentido, el traductor es descripto como un «mediador cultural» o «mediador lingüístico». La complejidad que puede suponer el producto de esa comunicación -una traducción- obliga al traductor a elegir especializarse en un área con dominio de su campo temático. Al optar por una determinada especialización, el traductor deberá contemplar una serie de aspectos fundamentales.

Resumen: Toda producción intelectual o artística está ligada a los condicionamientos culturales de su época. La traducción literaria no es excepción: como actividad productora de textos, se ve afectada por los factores culturales, la visión del mundo de una determinada sociedad, los modelos textuales ofrecidos por esa sociedad, la orientación hacia textos ya aceptados y el discurso que comparten el escritor y el lector. Theo D'Haen presenta varios casos en que los condicionamientos culturales explican traducciones dispares de una misma obra clásica, como el Julio César de Sahkespeare, realizadas en diversos países y épocas. Dichos casos parecen confirmar la idea de que la escritura o la traducción no son completas sin el concurso del lector y la sanción de la sociedad para los que se escribe o traduce. Ahora bien, la traducción de textos clásicos, al realizarse sobre supuestos culturales que no suelen coincidir con los de la época del autor, corre el riesgo de desvirtuar el original si no respeta la lectura que éste exige.

Resumen: No matter how short or long, any questionnaire developed in one part of the world to be used in another part may carry linguistic, cultural, and conceptual features that present challenges when translated into another language.

Resumen: L'enseignement de la civilisation joue ainsi un rôle fondamental dans la formation du traducteur ou interprète puisqu'elle s'impose à la fois comme un complément indispensable et un outil de travail. La traduction met en présence deux langues, par conséquent deux cultures: il est donc fondamental de connaître et de comprendre les patrons culturels de chacune d'elles. La traduction suppose la connaissance la plus compléte possible de deux modes de vie. Cette approche et cette connaissance de la sociéte "a traduire" est une obligation pour tout traducteur

Resumen: Como puede observarse a través de este estudio de caso, muchas de las convenciones y elementos estructurales propios de la escritura y de la traducción teatral parecen ponerse en entredicho al abordar la corriente posdramática. En primer lugar, podemos indicar la existencia de nuevos espacios alternativos de distribución y publicación que potencian la tendencia a la autotraducción por parte de los dramaturgos de los territorios bilingües del Estado español. La concepción como «Comunidad interliteraria» de nuestro espacio geocultural aparece, pues, reforzada en las prácticas de los nuevos creadores escénicos, quienes, además, conciben el autotrasvase como parte integrante del proceso creativo. Así mismo, se comprueba en la versión analizada cómo aquellos aspectos que pueden suponer algún obstáculo a la traducción, como la reproducción del conflicto diglósico, son neutralizados. El «borrado» de la especificidad de las distintas tradiciones nacionales plantea en último término una amenaza para la propia supervivencia del sistema teatral periférico.