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Resumen: In very tense and conflicting situations, translators/interpreters/mediators are sometimes led to smooth the terms or the tone or any other aspect of a message, and this for several reasons. The verb "to buffer" relates to an act of "cushioning" and "lessening the effect of", but can also refer to a neutralizing chemical treatment. There is also Bufferin, the buffered aspirin, coated with a substance capable of neutralizing acid, so as to avoid the undesirable side-effects of the drug (such as ulcers and stomach bleeding). When translators "percolate" a message before rendering it in the other language, they function as a sort of buffer. Interpreting is a field where this happens quite often, because in interpreting situations there may be many elements that contribute to create a situation of imminent clash. Nonetheless authors of written translations also find themselves for some reason compelled to smooth the harshness of some words, use less vibrant colors to create a "typical picture" of a certain culture, and even neutralize exalted attitudes of one or more parties.

Resumen: The case study examined in depth is a comparison analysis of the classical English novel Tess of the D'Urbervilles by Thomas Hardy, which has been translated into Chinese seven times, with seven versions preserving the novel form of the original. The present study will elaborate on the differences between two Chinese versions of Tess of the D'Urbervilles, one is Zhang Guruo's version translated in 1934, and the other is Sun Zhili's version translated in 1999, with regard to language style, literature, concept, acceptance of context, as well as the different translation strategies translators adopted in different historical, social and cultural contexts. The study also examines the special role played in the process by the two translations. The present paper thus contributes both to translation studies and to literary theory. The comparison is carried out by answering the following questions: - What are the social cultural impacts on the first translation and the retranslation? - What kind of selection tendencies do the two translators have? - What are the specific translation strategies adopted by the translators in the field of social customs, history and religion, literature and art, Bible and other allusions, literature and historical figures? Why?

Resumen: Toda producción intelectual o artística está ligada a los condicionamientos culturales de su época. La traducción literaria no es excepción: como actividad productora de textos, se ve afectada por los factores culturales, la visión del mundo de una determinada sociedad, los modelos textuales ofrecidos por esa sociedad, la orientación hacia textos ya aceptados y el discurso que comparten el escritor y el lector. Theo D'Haen presenta varios casos en que los condicionamientos culturales explican traducciones dispares de una misma obra clásica, como el Julio César de Sahkespeare, realizadas en diversos países y épocas. Dichos casos parecen confirmar la idea de que la escritura o la traducción no son completas sin el concurso del lector y la sanción de la sociedad para los que se escribe o traduce. Ahora bien, la traducción de textos clásicos, al realizarse sobre supuestos culturales que no suelen coincidir con los de la época del autor, corre el riesgo de desvirtuar el original si no respeta la lectura que éste exige.