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Resumen: "(...) People are perceived through a "lens" of gender polarisation and assigned to apparently natural categories accordingly. On the basis of this gender assignment, naturalised norms and expectations about verbal behaviour behaviour are imposed upon people. There is a strong tendency for gender stereotyping to set in. Stereotyping involves a reductive tendency. Like caricatures, stereotypes focus obsessively on certain characteristics, real or imagined, and exaggerate them".

Resumen: "The present study tends to show how culture of a community is reflected and shaped through proverbs used there. Proverbs, according to the Cambridge International Dictionary, is "a short sentence, etc. usually known by many people, stating something commonly experienced or giving advice". They show the attitude of the community toward a particular issue, such as sex, race, job, etc. Hence, proverbs people use are good indications of their concern of the reality and the world. They show people's attitude and classification of the reality".

Resumen: "Stories of female spirituality in the Spanish Baroque most often result from the interaction between the mystic's original testimonies and the voice of a male author, typically the woman's confessor, who transcribes and interprets the initial texts while endowing them with legitimization. (...) In this paper, I will discuss the idea of the self-effaced translator in male narrations of famale spirituality by focusing the Vida de Getrudes de San Ildefonso, the biography of a Poor Claire nun who lived in Quito, what is now Ecuador, during the second half of the seventeenth century" .

Resumen: "The attention women received from the state was motivated by practical concerns. They were to be breeders of new generation of "continental Japanese" and serve as farm laborales. The mass media functioned as an inditect for recruiting young women to become settlers' wives. While the "Manchuria fever" created by journalism was escalating, the expression tairiku no hanayome (continental bride) acquired the status of a household word in the late 1930s. Marriage was the most unlikely matter of personal choice for Japanese womwn in those day. It was considered the only socially acceptable life for them. Most marriages werw arranged".

Resumen: Every act of speech that refers to the action of another human being, without stating the proper name or a full reference for the agent, requires pronouns. If the gender of the agent is concealed in any way, the applied pronouns should be generic and all-inclusive including male, female and neutral participants in the action. Pronouns, as words which specify the noun, have to be detailed enough to give a sufficient reference to the agent of the action, but they must also be general enough as to leave room for some interpretation. Ideally, a generic pronoun does not hold a gendered connotation in itself. It should be the unmarked pronoun, equalitarian in its meaning and all-inclusive in its connotation. Gender in most languages is expressed mainy through inflectional affixes on nouns, changes of articles and agreement of other parts of speech. In gendered languages such as German aand French, gender categories for nouns - femenine, masculine and neuter- are only loosely connected to the real world, unless, of course, the reference is in fact human or animal. The arbitratiness may cause some frustration in the language learner, but translating grammatical genderas masculine=male, femenine=female and neuter=sexless should logically be avoided.

Resumen: The cross-cultural pragmatics literature has paid considerable attention to the various strategies that speakers deploy when performing the speech act of requesting. This is because the degree of imposition that making a request places upon one's interlocutor(s) has been seen to be subject to cross-gender and cross-linguistic/cultural variation in terms of use and interpretation. To our knowledge, however, there are virtually no contrastive studies on Peninsular Spanish and British English within this field. Wanting to address this, and whilst acknowledging the limitations of discourse completion tests (DCTs), we employed one such test as a suitable tool for obtaining a large amount of data from male and female Spanish and British undergraduates (aged 19-25). The data was analyzed and treated not as authentic speech/discourse but as reflecting informants' perceptions and beliefs about appropriate linguistic behaviour in the performance of requests in different situations controlled for power and social distance. Thus, ours is a pragmatic approach that attempts to account for these perceptions and beliefs, which are included in the "assumptions about social roles, positions, rights and obligations [that] are part of the (usually unstated) background knowledge that is routinely brought to bear on the interpretation of utterances" (Cameron 1998: 445).