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Resumen: Cap. 1: La metáfora en la propuesta de Lakoff y Johnson; Cap. 2: La metáfora en los lenguajes de especialidad; Cap. 3: Panorama económico de los EEUU y del resto del mundo durante 2008/2009; Cap. 4: Metodología; Cap. 5: Metáforas de organismos; Cap. 6: Metáforas de movimientos físicos; Cap. 7: Metáforas de eventos naturales; Cap. 8: Los datos numéricos y su análisis; Cap. 9: Conclusiones. ANEXOS: I. Corpus; II. Metáforas del corpus y su traducción por artículo; III. Traducción de las metáforas del corpus por campo conceptual; IV. Traducción de tipos metafóricos (con número de orden) y V. Datos numéricos y traducción de tipos metafóricos con frecuencia de aparición en el corpus.

Resumen: This article is dedicated to the issue of the adequacy of self-translations of Vladimir Nabokov's small forms of fiction. Different types of transformations of short-story titles in the creative work of the bilingual writer were chosen as the object of the research. The article is characterized by a multidisciplinary approach, uniting aspects of linguistic, literary and cultural studies in the investigation of the self-translation phenomenon, an approach that provides for scientifically-grounded conclusions. The authors of the paper build a typology of structural and semantic changes reflecting the features of Nabokov's interpretations of his own texts. Contrastive comparative, structural, intertextual and cognitive methods were employed as the main research methods. This complex approach to text analysis used in the paper permits an expansion of the idea of the semantics and poetics of separate texts as well as a collection of stories as a whole. The authors pay special attention to investigation of the following types of correlation between the original title and its equivalent: semantic specification, semantic narrowing, semantic broadening and modulation. The authors note that Nabokov in many cases does not follow his own principles of "literality". The specializing character of correlation between the original text and the translation is predetermined by the author's aspiration to convey the exact sense and to emphasize separate connotative shades of meaning, while devices of modulation and semantic broadening perform the function of an author's comment.

Resumen: In this study we use a translation corpus of English novels translated into two closely related Celtic languages, Welsh and Breton, as one way of shedding light on the extent to which languages can influence each other over time: Welsh has a long history of contact with English, and Breton with French. Ever since the work of Leonard Talmy (1991, 2000 etc.), linguists have recognized that languages fall into a small number of types with respect to how they prefer to talk about motion events. English is a good exemplar of the satellite-framed type, whereas French exemplifies the verb-framed type. Translation scholars have observed that translating between languages of two different types raises interesting questions (Slobin 2005b, Cappelle 2012), and the topic is also of interest from the perspective of language contact: is it possible for a language of one type, in a situation of prolonged and intense bilingualism with a language of another type, to be influenced or perhaps even to change its own rhetorical preferences? The translation corpus provides a body of data which holds constant the starting point - the cue in each case was an English motion event in the source text. We do indeed find that Welsh and Breton have diverged in important ways in terms of their preferences for encoding motion events: Breton is revealed to have moved significantly in the direction of French with respect to these preferences.

Resumen: Translation, according to the German functional approach to Translation Studies, is a purpose-driven interaction that involves many players. Translating children's stories is no exception. Using her personal experience of translating Mr. Wolf's Hotline, a book comprising 47 Chinese children's stories by Wang Yizhen, a contemporary Chinese writer , in light of the Skopos and text-type theories of functional approach in particular, the author has outlined the strategies and methods adopted in her translations in terms of language, structure and culture. With child readers in mind during the translation process, the translator has used rhetorical devices, onomatopoeic words, modal particles, and also changed some of the sentence structures of the stories, such as from indirect sentences into direct quotations, and from declarative sentences into questions. In terms of culture, three aspects, namely, the culture-loaded images, the names of the characters and nursery rhymes are singled out for detailed analyses. Though marginalized, 'children's literature is more complex than it seems, even more complex' (Hunt 2010:?1), and translation of children's literature is definitely challenging. This paper outlines the strategies and methods the author has adopted in translating some children's stories from Chinese to English.

Resumen: Voluptuous Pleasure: The Truth about the Writing Life de Marianne Apostolides se compose de neuf histoires « vraies », inspirées de la vie d'Apostolides et de sa famille : l'action se situe entre la réalité et la fiction. Ce livre, tout en racontant des histoires, remet en question l'acte d'écrire et le concept d'histoire lui-même. Le fil conducteur est le rapport au père de l'auteure et à sa terre natale, la Grèce. Sur le plan traductif, les dialogues occupent une place essentielle. C'est en effet grâce au naturel et à l'authenticité des paroles rapportées (inventées?) par Apostolides que l'on saisit la personnalité et la profondeur des personnages. Dans cet article, j'aborderai mon processus de traduction de ce livre pour les éditions La Peuplade en m'attardant à la nouvelle Two Dialogues: On Bravery. Puisant dans les cadres théoriques et méthodologiques de la recherche-création, je propose de retracer mon processus de recréation des dialogues en analysant plusieurs versions françaises produites au cours de l'été 2014. J'observerai l'évolution de mon postulat traductif en décrivant et en catégorisant les stratégies adoptées en cours de traduction, puis en les contrastant avec celles qui ont été privilégiées dans la version finale

Resumen: Cuanto más se traduce, más se escribe sobre la traducción. Este libro se incorpora, pues, a una larga serie de publicaciones; pero la práctica, la enseñanza y la investigación convencieron a su autora de la necesidad de añadir a esta serie una obra dedicada al proceso de la traducción y a su carácter universal, independientemente de los pares de idiomas o de la obra de un autor particular. Se trata de mostrar que el trabajo de un buen traductor es fundamentalmente el mismo, cualesquiera sean las lenguas y cualquiera sea el texto en cuestión. La investigación del sentido y su reexpresión son el denominador común de todas las traducciones. Todo es interpretación. La traducción no es la excepción. Durante mucho tiempo y con demasiada frecuencia relegada en el desarrollo de las lenguas, la traducción era considerada como un pasaje de palabras o de frases de un idioma a palabras o frases de otro. Ahora bien, el camino que lleva a la correcta traducción supone la interpretación de los textos y recurrir a conocimientos extralingüísticos. El objetivo es que las ideas desarrolladas en este libro no sean solo entendidas en el plano teórico sino que tengan consecuencias en el modo de enseñar la traducción y, por consiguiente, en su práctica. La traducción, del original francés, fue realizada por la Trad. Públ. Beatriz Rodriguez, ex presidenta del CTPCBA y actual directora de la Carrera de Traductor Público de la Universidad de Buenos Aires.

Resumen: This article examines how racist discourse about African-Americans has been translated from English into Slovenian throughout history. Strategies for translating explicitly racist discourse, racial terminology and African American Vernacular English in translations published between 1853 and 2007 are analyzed. The results of the textual comparison are considered in the light of contemporary Slovenian attitudes towards black people and the socio-political situation in the target culture. The results show that the strategies for translating racist discourse in pre-World War II translations differed significantly from those used after a socialist regime was established in Slovenia. Translation strategies were also influenced by the important role that the Slovenian language played in the development of the national identity, by the target readership of the translations, as well as by contemporary relations between the source and target culture. Ideological interventions sometimes considerably affected the interpretive possibilities of a particular literary work.

Resumen: The futility of decades of government efforts to disseminate Chinese literature has triggered discussions among Chinese scholars on how to translate and who should be entrusted with this task. Some blame the failure on traditional concepts of translation that overemphasize faithfulness to the original to the point of disregarding target cultural conditions, but others insist that China should have control over its cultural export and that Sino-English should be used to internationalize English. Findings show that traditional concepts should not be blamed, as aggressively source-oriented strategies have been used in outbound translation only in recent years, and that this shift in translation norms in government-initiated outbound translation has spread to non-literary text types, and also to Hong Kong and Taiwan. The same kind of aggressiveness has recently been displayed in other forms of cultural export, triggering resistance in other cultures. All these changes may be attributable to a heightening of cultural self-image. What is needed to address the issue is cultural self-reflection, which will lead to the awareness that economic growth does not immediately bring cultural prestige, and that source-initiated cultural export efforts may make little difference in central cultures. Cultural awareness at a higher level can be achieved only through empathy.

Resumen: A brand name is an essential part of an advertising campaign, identifying and being closely associated with a product or a manufacturer. One of the major functions of a brand name is to catch the attention of the audience and enhance their memorization. This research takes English-Chinese translation of brand names as an example and studies a prominent feature or strategy of brand name translation, namely rewriting to establish images in relation to the original pronunciation and/or logo. The translation of brand names is not bound by the original semantic meaning and is highly flexible, but it often retains the original sound or pronunciation. In the case of English-Chinese translation, brand names are often rewritten in that a new meaning is presented in the translation and images are established that are associated with the product or manufacturer. This study views image in its broadest sense, establishes a framework of images covering both concrete and abstract versions and discusses the functions of images in increasing the memorability of a brand name and engaging the audience's emotions. A corpus of 316 English brand names with Chinese translations is considered and two examples are selected for discussion, one looking at the establishment of a concrete image and the other an abstract image. Such rewriting is analysed in relation to the functions of brand names in the hope of providing translators with a point of reference.

Resumen: Given the lack of sensitization to the multi-dimensional concept of quality, and given the versatility of the concept of relevance, the present investigation attempts to examine the premise that Relevance Theory (RT) can function as a standard or a benchmark for maximizing and/or optimizing quality in CI. Whilst the theoretical part relies heavily on Ernst-August Gutt's seminal work Translation and Relevance: Cognition and Context (2000), the practical part draws on some empirical data obtained from trainee-interpreters' recorded sessions at the Hashemite University (Jordan) in order to provide a relevance-driven account for some semantic, syntactic, and cultural difficulties and problems in CI. The study arrives at the main conclusion that the degree of quality in CI largely depends on the degree of relevance achieved by the interpreter's TL version, i.e., quality in CI would rise exponentially with the degree of relevance achieved by the interpreter's TL version. The study also concludes that the pragmatic RT can be considered a reliable instrument, a reliable frame of reference, or a reliable screening system that can ensure both relevance-building and a correspondingly concomitant quality-building in CI, i.e., RT can possibly fine-tune the interpreters' performance in the booth.

Resumen: This paper explores how translation of foreign film titles has been carried out in South Korea since foreign films first arrived in Korea following its emancipation from Japanese colonial rule. With reference to audiovisual translation in general and film or screen translation in particular, this paper discusses the extent of the mistakes made by Korean translators due to a lack of thorough contextual knowledge of the source language and culture. Most Korean translations of foreign films result in strange, surreal, and at best funny adaptations. Discussion regarding "bad," total, or almost total mistranslations focuses on (1) words with multiple meanings (homonyms and heteronyms); (2) slang and colloquial expressions; (3) words with culturally specific features; and (4) proper nouns and common nouns. This paper concludes that in an era of globalization, film title translation in Korea increasingly shows a trend towards transliteration rather than translation - either literal or liberal.

Resumen: This study endeavors to explore the problems that Translation trainees' mother culture poses when translating culture-specific idioms. The study used a translation task that comprises 20 culture-specific English idioms which incorporate lexical entities that can have negative connotations in the Arabic culture. The task was distributed to 40 randomly selected translation trainees, senior undergraduate translation students at the Department of Arabic and Translation, College of Languages, Sana'a University. Findings of the study show that the trainees' mother culture had a considerable impact on the translation process. This impact exhibited itself in many forms, the most prominent of which is the tendency to offer a culturally-driven judgment of the content of the idiom instead of translating the idiom itself. The paper delineates the various forms of cultural interference as seen in the trainees' renditions of the idioms in the study.

Resumen: This article examines the translation of an official English European Council text, namely a Commission Communication, into Greek. A critical discourse analysis-based methodology is used to probe the manipulation of ideological shifts between the English source text and its Greek translation. The analysis of both texts aims to shed light on the way culturally-approved patterns reflect and also influence society's priorities and preoccupations. The comparative analysis provides an example of how the European Union and its official working language influenced the translator's attitudes and motivations in decoding various ideological patterns. Adopting a social view of political ideologies and their associated readerships, the article discusses how discourse and ideology mediate in the translation of the English-Greek language pair. It shows how discourse reinforces ideological assumptions and how it challenges them by emphasizing that the source culture violates the very norms and values the target culture holds dear.

Resumen: Vocabulary is often considered one of the most difficult aspects of translating legal texts, and finding reliable textual supports is often a challenge too. This study presents the results of an experiment to use, as often as possible, multilingual EU resources with versions in Spanish and English as textual supports for a large sample of vocabulary that warranted research when the author was involved in translating into English a voluminous text of judgment summaries produced by the Supreme Court of Spain. In the majority of cases it was indeed possible to find high quality translations in EUR-Lex (Access to European Law) and IATE (InterActive Terminology for Europe), signaling, on the one hand, significant legal language overlap possibilities between the EU and Spain and, on the other, great potential for employing the former's linguistic resources in the translation of the latter's legal texts. Moreover, this study analyzes the results with an eye to linking the different types of vocabulary items that were searched to the different types of textual supports they were found in, to see how different kinds of supports (a collection of texts and their translations, such as EUR-Lex, or a multilingual terminological resource, such as IATE) might pair well with different kinds of vocabulary items. In this way the study also addresses some of the different opinions surrounding using online collections of texts and their translations (i.e. multilingual corpora) vs. multilingual terminological resources.

Resumen: The purpose of this paper is to analyze Perez Galdós's systematic omission of wellerisms in Las Aventuras de Pickwick (1868), the first translation of Dickens's The Pickwick Papers ever made into Spanish. Wellerisms are without a doubt the best-known phraseological units in Dickens. Apart from their comic and subversive function, they play a role of paramount importance in terms of characterization too. Their rendering in another language is thus fundamental. However, only four examples - out of more than thirty- are preserved in Perez Galdós's text. This loss is scrutinized here. The analysis is divided into two parts. First, some wellerisms from the original novel are compared to those in both Perez Galdós's translation and Grolier and Lorain's Aventures de Monsieur Pickwick, for there exists a suspicion that Perez Galdós used this French version as source text for his translation. As will be shown, this suspicion is confirmed. Next, the omission of some examples is analyzed against the backdrop of both the French translation and the original text, so as to provide some feasible explanations for such a loss. As will be demonstrated, Perez Galdós did not realize the stylistic importance of these phraseological units in The Pickwick Papers.