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Resumen: This paper explores the ideological function of translation in negotiating power relations among languages in multilingual Singapore. Based on an analysis of the discursive roles of translation in multilingual literary anthologies published between 1985 and 2008, the paper argues that the power relation between English and the mother tongue languages has shifted over the past two decades. Central to this ideological shift is translation, the underlying discursive mechanism in all multilingual publications in Singapore. It has been found that the potential of a language to be translated into, as opposed to its being translated out of, is directly proportional to its symbolic capital in a multilingual society. It has also been predicted that the future trend in multilingual literary translation in Singapore will tend towards a multi-directional approach whereby the four official languages engage one another multilaterally in a complex dynamic of translation relations.

Resumen: The main concern of this article is to provide an analysis of the syntactic classes of Arabic passive participle forms and discuss their translations based on a comparative study of two English Quranic translations by Ali (1934) and Pickthall (1930). The study attempts to answer two questions: (a) Should we translate the Arabic passive participle into an English nominal, verbal, adjectival or adverbial? and (b) What are the factors that determine the choice of one translation or the other? So, it compares the two translations to analyze the different English translations of the Arabic passive participle. A corpus of 350 sentences has been randomly selected from the source text, together with their 700 translations in the target texts. The two translations of all the sentences are compared and analyzed in terms of syntactic and semantic features. The various English translations of the Arabic passive participle forms are presented with a count of the examples representing them in the corpus and their percentages. Then, the contextual reference of each translation is studied and accounted for.

Resumen: More and more overseas tourists are coming to China for a visit after the 2008 Beijing Olympics, and websites with relevant information will undoubtedly become their first channel to know about the desired places in China. However, they are always confused about the English translation of the scenic spots. Based on the Skopostheorie and from the perspective of purpose of translation, this paper attempts to make a detailed analysis of translation errors in the English versions on the websites of some tourist attractions in China, in comparison to their parallel texts on the websites of similar scenic spots in other parts of the world. With the help of 'non-equivalence at culture level' proposed by Christiane Nord, causes for errors have been found. In the light of the Skopostheorie, translation brief of websites for tourism has been defined, and errors have been classified into three categories: 'pragmatic translation errors', 'cultural translation errors', and 'linguistic translation errors'. A number of error samples of each type have been listed and suggested versions have been given. Parallel texts have been provided as a comparison and good examples to learn from. Through this study, we may conclude that non-equivalence at culture level and word level pose great difficulty in translation, and errors will be committed if the translator is unaware of the skopos or purpose of the translation. However, these errors can be avoided if more effective and flexible strategies are adopted by the translator, such as 'translation by cultural substitution', 'omission', and 'translation by a more general word'. This study may serve as a reference for further study on a larger and wider range of errors, and as a reference for future tourism-websites translators.

Resumen: The paper examines sound schemes in Arabic original poetic prose and English translation. These are reverse rhyme, rhyme, pararhyme and consonance. Looked at from the vantage point of sound symbolism, an attempt is made to verify their expressive and thematic functions in ST. In some cases, the concept has apparently been proven applicable and the claims made in this regard are plausible. As to the interlingual patterns of sound symbolism, the study has come to the conclusion that ST and TT diverge when it comes to how onomatopoeic elements evoke meaning. The strategic decisions taken by translators in addressing translation problems depend largely on how sensitive they are towards the ST phonic aspect and affiliations. They employ compensation in kind and in place whenever and wherever that is felt to be required, hence, replacing ST phonological recurrence with morphological and lexical ones. These higher-level devices are but one means of achieving parallel effects in the TT. However, consonance is regularly used as a prime solution for the problem of equivalence. It is axiomatic that in any attempt of translation a certain degree of loss is expected in terms of failure to relay the ST message content intact. Another kind of damage consists in the impossibility of rendering ST scripts into TT. The significance of Arabic letters to the readers of Arabic will definitely be mismatched in the TT as they imply culturally broader connotations and allusions to the Islamic heritage. The graphological input to the message in the Arabic text will hardly be imparted by the TT Roman script.

Resumen: The introduction of cultural information (among others culturems) into the bilingual dictionaries suggests the old debate on the definition of culture, extremely productive word in definitions as much in the field of anthropology than that of sociology. At the borders of these two disciplines are the realia, these cultural realities sometimes named statalisms according to the definition of Jacques Pohl (1984). But the concept of realia is vaster than the referential extent than that of statalism to its creation (that of the administrative and political characteristics). On the basis of the concept of realia, we will try to determine the framework and the implications of them on a lexicographical level. The variation of French will be used as background with the theoretical lighting posed by this text. After this short glance on the theoretical and practical problems posed by the introduction of cultural information, we will formulate some proposals for solutions.