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Resumen: Translating picture books is a many-splendored thing: it includes not only the relationship between the verbal and the visual (images and other elements) but also issues like reading aloud and child images. In the following, while mainly concentrating on the visual, I will deal with the other questions as well, as they all interact and influence each other. My starting point is translating as rewriting for target-language audiences - we always need to ask the crucial question: "For whom?" Hence, while writing children's books is writing for children, translating children's literature is translating for children. (See Hunt 1990:1, 60-64 and Oittinen 2000.) The reasons why I take such a special interest in translating picture books are twofold: cultural and national as well as individual. In Finland, we translate a lot: 70-80

Resumen: Many contemporary retellings of Little Red Riding Hood, the best-known of all fairy tales, are by major, award-winning authors and illustrators, but all too often they remain completely unknown in the anglophone world. This paper examines retellings from numerous countries to show why or why not they cross international borders.

Resumen: A book such as Alice in Wonderland, written for a girl, but nowadays understandable only by adults, the translation of proper nouns can reveal the audience for which translators have addressed their works. This article looks at the translation of proper nouns. These cultural traits are first names, historical references, place names and names of languages: should these be changed to facilitate comprehension by children? This study is then used to evaluate some aspects of theories proposed by Shavit and Oittinen concerning adaptation and translation.

Resumen: Technical difficulties associated with dubbing, together with the collaborative nature of the dubbing process, explain why traditionally the linguistic challenges of dubbing translation for specific audiences such as children have not been studied very closely. As new developments in sound recording improve the technical quality of dubbing, it is time for the remaining textual translation issues to be addressed in more detail. Due to the many common characteristics of different text types aimed at children, dubbers of children’s audiovisual material can learn a considerable amount from the translators of other texts, such as books and comics aimed at children, about the particular challenges posed by this target audience.

Resumen: This article is in part a review of the literary qualities of the narrative tales written by the Swedish children's author Astrid Lindgren and in part a comparative reading of the Swedish Mio, min Mio (Mio, my son) and its Danish translation from 1955. It will be shown how the Danish version has been adapted from the Swedish and how as a result the Danish version of the narrative does not have the same literary quality as the original.

Resumen: Culture-bound elements, such as proper names and food items, not only place the story of a book in a specific culture and period of time, but also imply certain values and create an ambience. These elements also have an effect on how the reader identifies with the story and characters. Thus, it is important to find the most appropriate strategy to translate such elements. This paper considers the Finnish translation (1949) of Kenneth Grahame's The Wind in the Willows (1908), a multi-layered and allusive children's book set in Edwardian England, and some other children's tales translated into Finnish around the same era. The translation of The Wind in the Willows dates back to a period of time when British culture was not yet well known in Finland. The paper argues that certain inconsistencies in the translation of culture-bound elements in the book make it difficult for target text readers to understand its layers of meaning and to identify with the characters. Similar inconsistencies in the translation of culture-bound elements are found in other Finnish translations of children's books from the same period. The findings may be explained by a limited knowledge of foreign cultures in post-war Finland.

Resumen: The article takes a look at the translation of children's literature intended for reading aloud. The pragmatic (or theoretical) point of departure is a 'narrative contract' between the child (audience) and the reader as in the oral tradition of yesteryear. It is therefore argued that, at least initially, children's literature for reading aloud was a continuation of the narrative tradition in the extended family adapted to the conditions and mores of the nuclear family. The nuclear family was a 19th century innovation promoted by the new middle classes, and they best carried on the narrative tradition by means of stories such as those of the brothers Grimm in Germany and Hans Christian Andersen in Denmark. Referring to an informal questionnaire among Translation Studies scholars covering eleven countries, it is concluded that the tradition of reading aloud for children is alive and well. This leads to a model for the translational situation for read-aloud literature that calls for guiding principles in the exploration of differences between 'originals' and 'translations.' Having introduced such layers, viz. the structural, the linguistic, the content and intentional ones, a paratextual and chronological layer are also called for, because of the ubiquity of modern co-prints and the need to introduce diachronic perspectives. The article discusses decision-makers in the process of translation, such as publishers and the like, and also briefly views questions of translational traditions before it discusses translations of the Grimm Tales into English and Danish, to conclude that there are two different schools of 'respectable translators,' one targeting stories for reading aloud and another for silent reading, even though the translators may not be aware of this. The final part takes up questions concerning the translation of names, rhymes, and a highly complex text which is discussed in depth. The conclusion is that translation for reading aloud is an art requiring great competence of translators. It also ought to attract more attention from Translation Studies scholars because it questions fundamentals in translation work that are also found in other types of translation.

Resumen: This paper deals with translated Canadian multicultural literature written for children and its reception in an intercultural education context in Spanish schools. In the first part of the paper I will introduce intercultural education. In the second part, I will examine the role of the translator working in a multicultural environment where texts are written in one language (English) in one country (Canada), then translated into another language (Spanish) and published in Spain. I will also look at the reception of these translations as well as the strategies translators should use to maintain the otherness of the original texts.

Resumen: This article discusses the translator's approach to the task of translating. In an initial descriptive analysis of several German translations of an Italian novel a tendency towards linguistic simplification and over-explicitation in view of easy reading can be detected. Switching the perspective to the translator's own dynamic view of text production, the necessary expert reading and hermeneutic understanding, as well as the coordination problem of various rhetoric criteria of writing are being discussed. Based on the translator's social responsibility we may conclude that translators should be aware of the problems arising and reflect consciously on their formulation decisions regarding coherence, style and ideology.

Resumen: Children’s literature in the Arab World is impregnated with morality, didactics and a heavy ideological bias, in spite of some attempts for change. Translating for children is, in its turn, governed by the same rules that govern writing for them.Translation is not only a lexical but also a cultural transfer. Adopting some protective cultural measures, while translating for children, becomes inevitable especially if the source and target cultures have little in common. The Arabian Nights is the first book for children in the Arab world, though not initially meant for them, to be translated into many languages and has become part of international Children’s Classics.

Resumen: In this paper I will examine how the fairytales written by Zachris Topelius, the famous 19th century Finnish storyteller, were translated into Finnish and into English at different times. The fairytales contain Topelius' personal ideals of upbringing, biblical and religious as well as moral and educational elements, for instance. The authors of the more recent translations have considered it necessary to modify the source texts so that they would be more accessible to today's children than the earlier Finnish translations. In my analysis, I focus on the translational choices made by the translators.

Resumen: La traduction française de In the Night Kitchen se révèle très décevante. En confrontant cette traduction française et la traduction allemande qui lui est contemporaine, l'étude s'attache à cerner les résistances qu'offre l'album à toute traduction, le mécanisme d'aveuglement qui a présidé à la traduction française et l'écart des possibilités que donne aux traducteurs français et allemand leur langue respective. Elle s'interroge enfin sur la place qu'occupent les images dans la lecture d'un album. Lire un album, c'est lire tout à la fois des images et du texte, même si le traducteur ne rendra compte ensuite que de sa lecture à travers sa traduction du seul texte.

Resumen: The British version of Jean de Brunhoff’s Histoire de Babar is a striking example of the transition from the present to the past tense in the translation of children’s texts into English. With reference to theories of narrative time, this paper invites speculation on the impact of such a tense shift on the present-tense qualities of the original, on the performance of a shared reading by child and adult and, finally, on the relevance of the young child’s developing understanding of the role of tense in narrative.

Resumen: This article is a presentation of the general framework of a research project in which 56 translated and 94 non-translated books published for children in Argentina during 1997 are analyzed. In the project, the translated books are compared with the non-translated ones from paratextual, literary and linguistic viewpoints. Translation is considered to be a decision-making process and the broad approach proposed here makes possible a comparison of the decisions taken by publishers and translators in different areas and, most importantly, to the interrelations of these decisions. The results will increase the general knowledge of translation for children and of literature published for children in an Argentinean context. Moreover, they will be of importance for methodological issues such as the selection of corpora.

Resumen: Drawing on a corpus of eight translations of Lewis Carroll's Alice in Wonderland into five languages (German, French, Spanish, Brazilian Portuguese, Italian), the paper discusses the forms and functions of proper names in children's books and some aspects of their translation. In Alice in Wonderland, we find three basic types of proper names: names explicitly referring to the real world of author and original addressees (e.g., Alice, her cat Dinah, historical figures like William the Conqueror), names implicitly referring to the real world of author and original addressees (e.g., Elsie, Lacie and Tillie, referring to the three Liddell sisters Lorina Charlotte, Alice and Edith Mathilda), and names referring to fictitious characters. An important function of proper names in fiction is to indicate in which culture the plot is set. It will be shown that the eight translators use various strategies to deal with proper names and that these strategies entail different communicative effects for the respective audiences.

Resumen: When critics identify 'manipulations' in translations, these are often described and analysed in terms of the differing norms governing the source and the target languages, cultures and literatures. This article focuses on the agent of the translation, the translator, and her/his presence in the translated text. It presents a theoretical and analytical tool, a communicative model of translation, using the category of the implied translator, the creator of a new text for readers of the target text. This model links the theoretical fields of narratology and translation studies and helps to identify the agent of 'change' and the level of communication in which the most significant modifications take place. It is a model applicable to all translated narrated literature but, as examples illustrate, due to the asymmetrical communication in and around children's literature, the implied translator as he/she becomes visible or audible as the narrator of the translation, is particularly tangible in translated children's literature.

Resumen: Sommaire (27 articles) -Éditorial André Clasp. 1–2 -Présentation Riitta Oittinen p. 3 -Harry Potter for Children, Teenagers and Adults Lia Wyler p. 5–14 -When Modern Little Red Riding Hoods Cross Borders… or Don’t… Sandra L. Beckett p. 15–30 -De la traduction à l’adaptation pour les jeunes : socioanalyse du Dernier des Mohicans de James Fenimore Cooper en français Jean-Marc Gouanvic p. 31–46 -De Little Women de Louisa May Alcott aux Quatre filles du docteur March : les traductions françaises d’un roman de formation au féminin Claire Le Brun p. 47–67 -De quelques aspects de la traduction en anglais des textes de Gabrielle Roy publiés pour l les enfants Claude Romney p. 68–80 -Translation for Reading Aloud Cay Dollerup p. 81–103 -Two Versions of the Same Narrative – Astrid Lindgren’s Mio, min Mio in Swedish and Danish Anette Øster Steffensen p. 104–114 -The Translation of Culture-Bound Elements into Finnish in the Post-War Period Irma Hagfors p. 115–127 -Where the Wild Things Are: Translating Picture Books Riitta Oittinen p. 128–141 -Translated and Adapted – The Influence of Time on Translation Paula Rossi p. 142–153 -Traduire In the Night Kitchen, ou de la difficile lecture d’un album Isabelle Nières-Chevrel p. 154–164 -“Jetzt bist du in Deutschland, Däumling.”: Nils Holgersson on Foreign Soil – Subject to New Norms Isabelle Desmidt p. 165–181 -Proper Names in Translations for Children: Alice in Wonderland as a Case in Point Christiane Nord p. 182–196 -Narratology meets Translation Studies, or, The Voice of the Translator in Children’s Literature Emer O’Sullivan p. 197–207 -Translating for Children – World View or Pedagogics? Radegundis Stolze p. 208–221 -What Dubbers of Children’s Television Programmes Can Learn from Translators of Children’s Books? Eithne O’Connell p. 222–232 -Time, Narrative Intimacy and the Child: Implications of the Transition from the Present to the Past Tense in the Translation into English of Children’s Texts Gillian Lathey p. 233–240 -Children’s Literature and Translation Under the East German Regime Gabriele Thomson-Wohlgemuth p. 241–249 -Domestication and Foreignization in Translating American Prose for Slovenian Children Darja Mazi-Leskovar p. 250–265 -Publishing Strategies of Translated Children’s Literature in Argentina: A Combined Approach Cecilia Alvstad p. 266–275 -Translation and Intercultural Education Isabel Pascua p. 276–284 -From Harry to Garri: Strategies for the Transfer of Culture and Ideology in Russian Translations of Two English Fantasy Stories Judith Inggs p. 285–297 -Translating Children’s Literature in the Arab World: The State of the Art Sabeur Mdallel p. 298–306 -When Children’s Literature Transcends its Genre: Translating Alice in Wonderland Douglas A. Kibbee p. 307–321 -Exploring Cultural Difference Through Translating Children’s Literature Eva-Maria Metcalf p. 322–327

Resumen: The German words in the title are taken from the first German translation of the Swedish children's book Nils Holgerssons underbara resa genom Sverige (Nils Holgersson's wonderful journey throughout Sweden, Lagerlöf 1906-1907). In this translation Nils is said to land in Germany, which is never the case in the Swedish original. Presumably, the German translator Klaiber added this extra visit to oblige the German readers with a visit of Nils to their own country. Looking at some of the German versions of Nils Holgersson, this article addresses the influence of extratextual factors, i.e., different kind of norms, on the translating and rewriting process.

Resumen: A professional literary translator recounts her experience in rendering J.K. Rowling's Harry Potter series into Brazilian Portuguese in regard to working conditions and premises, British cultural marks maintained to preserve foreignness or erased for the sake of fluency and the verisimilitude of a magical world for children between nine and twelve years of age. The purchase and reception of the book, which enjoyed unexpected success, among older teenagers and adults, media coverage, and the unusual visibility attained by the translator, are also briefly discussed.

Resumen: This article focuses specifically on two examples of fantasy stories and their translations into Russian: The Lion, the Witch, and the Wardrobe (Lewis 1950), a classic English fantasy story, and Harry Potter and the Philosopher’s Stone (Rowling 1997), a modern blending of fantasy with the traditional English school story. The analysis shows that the approach to translation is largely random. In the translations of The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe, there is some evidence of simplification as a strategy, and some confusion over the appropriate translation of cultural items in the translations of Harry Potter and the Philosopher’s Stone. Generally, however, the translators are shown not to have attempted to situate the stories in a Russian context, and have retained intact both the cultural backdrop and the moral values put forward in the works. A study of the reception of such works by young readers would provide valuable information about the success or failure of the translations discussed in this article.

Resumen: This article is descriptive in nature, presenting a student-faculty project in which participants translated a short children’s story from German into English in order to explore the cultural embeddedness of language and the hermeneutic nature of translation. By reflecting on issues surrounding the translation of children’s literature and by imitating the situation of a professional translator, project participants gained insight into the workings of language and the complexities associated with translation.

Resumen: The purpose of this article is to describe and explore the examples of domestication and foreignization in translations of American prose read by Slovenian children. A few of the earlier American books that have entered the children’s literature canon have been read by dual audience and among these Uncle Tom’s Cabin has the longest tradition. The translations of the novel are presented in the light of domestication and foreignization endeavours. In order to complete and expand the picture of translating for children, a few additional works published in different eras of Slovenian translation history are briefly discussed.

Resumen: Les textes de la grande écrivaine canadienne-française Gabrielle Roy publiés pour les enfants n'avaient pas, à l'origine, été composés pour eux. Ils ne furent toutefois aucunement modifiés, une fois la décision prise de changer de lectorat. L'article qui suit examine certains aspects des traductions de trois de ces textes qui ont paru en anglais et sont l'oeuvre de deux traducteurs ayant pris pour point de départ les éditions pour enfants, dans le but d'établir s'ils avaient tenu compte du nouveau public. Il semble que le premier, plus que la seconde traductrice, ait adapté le texte des récits qu'il a transposés, afin de les rendre accessibles aux jeunes enfants.

Resumen: L'article examine sept traductions et adaptations françaises de Little Women de Louisa May Alcott (1868), actuellement accessibles aux jeunes lectrices en librairie ou en bibliothèque. Afin d'observer les représentations de la féminité qui y sont données à lire au lectorat francophone, l'analyse se centre sur le personnage de Jo, l'héroïne anti-conformiste qui n'hésite pas à exprimer ouvertement son refus des limitations imposées à la condition féminine. Il apparaît que la description physique et psychologique, les prises de parole et les actes du personnage ont subi, dans la plupart des versions françaises, des distorsions qui font de la Jo March française un personnage bien édulcoré.

Resumen: L'article examine deux types de traduction/adaptation de The Last of the Mohicans (1826) de James Fenimore Cooper : la première traduction effectuée en 1826 (et publiée la même année que l'original) par A. J. B. Defauconpret et l'une des très nombreuses adaptations, celle réalisée par Gisèle Vallerey et publiée en 1932. Cette étude sociologique (sociologie de Pierre Bourdieu revisitée en fonction de la traduction et de l'adaptation) porte d'une part sur l'oeuvre source, The Last of the Mohicans, et sur les déterminations de la culture source, de l'auteur et du texte, et d'autre part sur les déterminations de la culture cible de la traduction et de l'adaptation pour jeunes (nous prenons notre exemple d'adaptation dans la catégorie des textes pour enfants de 10 ans) et des textes traduits et adaptés sous le titre unique du Dernier des Mohicans. Il apparaît que la traduction de Defauconpret est une version quelque peu ethnocentrique du texte de Cooper et que l'adaptation pour jeunes de G. Vallerey est une version qui, exécutée à partir de la traduction de Defauconpret, constitue une adaptation très honnête de l'original. L'article se clôt sur une question fondamentale à propos de l'éthique de l'adaptation : comment un texte traduit (comme celui de Defauconpret) qui ne respecte pas l'éthique de la traduction peut-il donner lieu à un texte adapté qui, lui, répondrait à l'éthique présumée de l'adaptation ?

Resumen: This paper describes the status of translation and publication of East German children’s literature during the period of the Cold War. It briefly gives an indication of the high value placed on translation and translators in the socialist regime. Finally it focuses on the main criteria influencing the translation and publication of children’s books with the economic and ideological factors being the most significant and gives brief examples from the East German censorship files.