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Resumen: The authors have conducted a study aiming at determining the unit of translation (UT), a subject of debate for more than forty years. The article consists of a review of relevant literature, a redefinition of the UT, an examination of sampled translated texts, excerpts and sentences of over 23,000 pages, including the Bible and Soul Mountain, translated from the Nobel Prize-winning novel of the Chinese author, Gao Xingjian, and an international survey. The contrastive analysis of these ST and TT materials shows that translations are done sentence by sentence within context and thus identifies the sentence in context as the UT. This identification is further confirmed by an international survey of 66 professional translators and translation editors. By verifying the UT, this study indicates that for a UT-related theory to be testable, the translation theorist should no longer ignore or sideline the sentence from its context.

Resumen: The expression of modal meanings is an area of great complexity in the relationship between form and function in a single language and cross-linguistically. Modal adverbs in particular are considered to be problematic from a contrastive perspective due to their multifunctionality in English (Aijmer 2005). This paper is a corpus-based study of the expression of epistemic possibility by means of three common modal adverbs in English (certainly, probably, possibly) and the translational options chosen in Spanish for expressing those meanings. The aim is to identify trends in the translations of these epistemic adverbs that contribute to a better understanding of the various semantic functions that native speakers attribute to these units. The analysis shows that the omission of modal adverbs in the translations may be considered as an indicator of the degree of grammaticalization attained by these adverbs in English. The results provide useful information not only in the field of translator training and practice, but also in descriptive linguistics.

Resumen: In Chinese-English translation the equivalents for noun or verb modifiers are more than often subject to redeployment in the target language. According to the principle that a modifier is supposed to be syntactically located in the immediacy of the modified toward which it is semantically oriented, the displacement of a modifier from where it should be syntactically located is incurred because of pragmatic motivations. However, in the context of Chinese-English translation, the modified can exert more drawing force on the modifier. As a result, the originally displaced modifier, now in a position identical to that of its English equivalent, returns to the modified, the noun or the verb, toward which it is semantically oriented. Or the modifier will resume the syntactic position as close to its modified noun or verb as possible. A conclusive analysis claims that the drawing gravity from the modified in C-E translation results from the translator's heightened semantic concerns, although some pragmatic effects can be produced as expected or unexpected.

Resumen: This article deals with the committment of Proust to Ruskin as the moral authority of his time and, consequently, as a main influence on his own original work through the apprenticeship of translation. It examines these renderings (La Bible d'Amiens and Sesame et les lys) as transformations of allegory into symbol, foreshadowing his early Du côté de chez Swann and his final Le temps retrouvé) with the conclusion that Proust managed to realize the unity of abstract and concrete. Allegory, a Proustian "rhetorical trope" on the Cathedral of Amiens (according to De Man) and the Victorian public building, is such an abstraction opposite the concreteness and privacy of symbolism, the reality behind the trope as realized behind the styles of both Ruskin and Proust.

Resumen: The present article examines the Spanish dubbing language from the point of view of its naturalness. The premise is that dubbing language is best analyzed by comparing it to the register it imitates, as long as its peculiar features are taken into consideration. This study is divided into two parts: firstly, a description of the features that make dubbing dialogue different from real dialogue, focusing on those arising from the source text; secondly, a comparative analysis of dubbed and real dialogue. In the latter, a corpus of spontaneous conversations will be used as a yardstick for natural dialogue and the main strategies used in colloquial conversation will provide the linguistic units to be analyzed: intensifiers and discourse markers. The main unidiomatic features detected are the use of anglicisms, especially at the pragmatic level, and a certain shift in tone that may cause a variation in the relation among the participants in the dubbed text. Finally, the notion of suspension of linguistic disbelief is put forward as a possible explanation for the perpetuation of unnatural features in dubbing language.

Resumen: Sommaire (17 articles) Éditorial Sylvie Vandaelep. 1–4Notice Présentation p. 5–6Notice « Et pour les Flamands, la même chose » : quelle politique de traduction pour quelles minorités linguistiques ? Reine Meylaertsp. 7–21Notice Proust as Translator of Ruskin Albert Waldingerp. 22–31Notice Analysing Irony for Translation Raymond Chakhachirop. 32–48Notice Naturalness in the Spanish Dubbing Language: a Case of Not-so-close Friends Pablo Romero Frescop. 49–72Notice Translating Epistemic Adverbs from English into Spanish: Evidence from a Parallel Corpus Noelia Ramónp. 73–96Notice “Filantropia” or “Non Profit”? Translating Texts on Nonprofits from English into Italian Sabrina Fusarip. 97–109Notice The Unit of Translation: Statistics Speak Harry J. Huang et Canzhong Wup. 110–130Notice Semantic Orientation, Syntactic Position and Pragmatic Function of Modifier in Chinese-English Translation Huawen Liup. 131–145Notice Terminologie et linguistique A Corpus-based Study of Spanish Translations of the Verb ‘report’ in Biomedical Research Articles Ian A. Williamsp. 146–160Notice Documentation Interculturalidad and Traducción, Revista Internacional / Interculturality and Translation, International Review, León, Departamento de Filología Moderna, Universidad de León, numéros 1 (2005) et 2 (2006) Laurence Jay-Rayon et Mariana Raffop. 161–163Notice Bosseaux, C. (2007) : How Does It Feel ? Point of View in Translation, Amsterdam/New York, Rodopi, coll. “Approaches to Translation Studies”, volume 29, 247 p. Serge Marcouxp. 164–170Notice Janzen, T. (ed.) (2005) : Topics in Signed Language Interpreting : Theory and Practice, Philadelphia, John Benjamins, 362 p. Danielle-Claude Bélangerp. 170–174Notice Delisle, J. et J. Woodsworth (dir.) (2007) : Les traducteurs dans l’histoire, Ottawa, Presses de l’Université d’Ottawa, 2e édition revue et corrigée, xxiii-393 p. André Clasp. 174–176Notice Martin, R. (2004) : Comprendre la linguistique, 2e édition, Paris, PUF, 206 p. Salah Mejrip. 176–180Notice Études et prospectives Constructing a Large-Scale English-Persian Parallel Corpus Tayebeh Mosavi Miangahp. 181–188Notice

Resumen: La revue Interculturalidad y Traducción (I&T) vient combler le vide laissé par Livius, qui a servi d'organe de diffusion au Département de philologie moderne de l'Université de León de 1992 à 2000. Avec un horizon plus large que sa prédécesseure, la nouvelle publication, dont le premier numéro a vu le jour en 2005, vise à participer du « dialogue intellectuel à propos des cultures et de la traduction dans le cadre des études comparées et descriptives» (p. 9). La traductologie, les études culturelles et la littérature comparée sont les disciplines convoquées afin d'explorer l'influence de la traduction sur les relations interculturelles ainsi que sur le développement et l'évolution des langues, des littératures et des cultures. Les deux premiers volumes incluent des études de cas et des articles théoriques rédigés en espagnol et en anglais. Ils sont d'une grande diversité, tant en matière de sujets traités que dans les approches adoptées.

Resumen: This paper describes the problems that arise in the translation of texts on - and by - the nonprofit sector from English (especially American English) into Italian. First of all, we focus on the main problems of translation, deriving from the disparity between the third sector in Italy and in the US. Secondly, we present a corpus-based project aimed at monitoring the differences between nonprofit discourse (especially fundraising letters) in Italy and the US. Lastly, we show a number of practical examples to illustrate how this type of corpus can meet the needs of translators and draw some conclusions on the importance of using monitor (i.e., continuously updated) corpora to produce successful translations in specialised fields where there are sizeable differences between source and the target cultures.

Resumen: Les recherches sur les politiques de langue passent le rôle clé des politiques de traduction sous silence. Le présent article défend l'idée que toute politique de langue présuppose une politique de traduction. À l'aide de divers exemples de conflits et de réglementations relatifs à la langue et à la traduction en Belgique (surtout) et ailleurs, il cherche à illustrer comment, dans un contexte de mondialisation grandissante, accompagnée de confrontations entre cultures et ethnicités, certaines politiques de traduction conditionnent et règlent la présence des langues minoritaires dans la sphère publique. Elles codéterminent, par conséquent, les droits linguistiques, culturels, sociaux, politiques, économiques. des minorités. Des recherches à grande échelle sur les politiques de traduction dans les sociétés passées et présentes devraient augmenter la sensibilité sociétale à l'égard du rôle clé de la traduction dans ces questions fondamentales et favoriser l'émergence de solutions raisonnées. Il s'agit là d'un nouveau défi pour la traductologie.

Resumen: Émanciper le futur : c'est le mot d'ordre qu'André Clas, en signant son dernier éditorial dans le premier numéro de 2008, a laissé à sa succession. Voilà un héritage enthousiasmant, un défi stimulant, auxquels Meta s'attaque en cette fin de première décennie du xxie siècle, tout en conservant la mission qui a toujours été la sienne : en 1986, André Clas rappelait que « la revue n'est pas l'organe d'une école particulière, d'un "clan" ou d'une "chapelle", elle se veut un instrument de communication, de diffusion d'idée, un forum de progrès. Le seul critère de publication est la qualité des études »...

Resumen: This paper describes an empirical contextual study of the Spanish verbs that translate 'report' carried out on an extensive corpus of medical research articles. A quantitative analysis revealed significant differences between the lexical choices made by the translators and those made by native Spanish authors. The contextual analysis showed that reporting occurs in three basic settings, namely, the institutional setting, the community and patient setting, and the research setting. In the latter, research referred to the current study (i.e., the new clinical study presented in the article), to previous research by the same authors, or to other authors' published work. Within these contexts, consideration of linguistic factors such as collocation, sentence structure and specific features of the communicative situation allows the translator to make the appropriate lexical choices for the wide range of uses of the polysemous English verb 'report.'

Resumen: In this paper we present our work on constructing and using English-Persian parallel corpora to support research in fields such as English-Persian bilingual lexicography, developing translation memory software, English-Persian cross-language information retrieval, and statistically-based machine translation from English into Persian. We have tried to design a program to automatically align the corpus at sentence level, but here, our main concern is to introduce the procedures and techniques for developing an online parallel corpus of English and Persian texts in various domains. This corpus is extendable: more and more parallel sentences in the languages may be added, and it will be provided free to those interested in language and translation matters, especially translation trainees. One of the main activities associated with building such a corpus is developing software for parallel concordancing, in which a user can enter a search string in one language and see all citations for that string in the search language as well as corresponding sentences in the target language. Aligned bilingual corpora have in fact proved useful in many tasks, including machine translation (Brown etal. 1990; Sadler 1989), sense disambiguation (Brown etal. 1991a; Dagan et al. 1991; Gale et al.1991), cross-language information retrieval (Davis and Dunning 1995; Landauer and Littman 1990; Oard 1997) and bilingual lexicography (Klavans and Tzoukermann 1990); Warwick and Russell 1990).

Resumen: This paper investigates the question of whether the classifications and general descriptions of irony, as true as they may seem, are plausible enough for enquiries into areas such as translation. The generic and philosophical analysis criteria provided by the literary criticism, literary theory and pragmatic approaches hover around broad interpretive models of irony. These criteria are impractical for the analysis of irony for translation purposes, although the translation of irony relies essentially on interpretation and creative reformulation. This is particularly the case when dealing with typologically distant languages, such as Arabic and English, in a specific text-type. To be able to "work" with ironic texts there is a need for a more objective and applicable approach, which considers the identification of formal and rhetorical devices of ironic texts, hence a linguistic analysis that explains the communicative function of these devices at both the utterance and discourse structure levels