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Resumen: This article provides evidence for the applicability of free translation to legal texts, based on an examination of actual cases of Japanese-to-English translation of agreements and contracts in which problems arise from literal translation. The data analysis shows that pitfalls associated with literal translation are attributable to not only the difficulty of finding terminological equivalents that inevitably arises from the differences in the Japanese and American legal and cultural systems, but also to the importance of preserving the spirit of mutual trust and cooperation that is found in Japanese business transactions. It is also postulated that general linguistic and interpretive problems inherent in Japanese-to-English translation of nontechnical texts, including redundancy, ambiguity, propensity for nonspecific statements, and the lack of linguistic clues (e.g., indicators of number), have fundamental, but not well understood, implications for legal translation. The conclusions indicate the need for an integrated approach to legal translation practice that uses both literal and free translations, taking into full account the linguistic, cultural, and legal factors at work in the translation process.

Resumen: Think-aloud protocols (TAPs) have often been used to study the cognitive aspect of translation. This paper shows their usefulness for investigating the linguistic aspect of translation. Examples are drawn from material collected in 40 think-aloud sessions over several years. The participants were professional translators or trainee translators. The language pairs involved are French-German and French-Swedish. The translational linguistic problems discussed fall into the following categories: a) grammatical (the interpretation of French participial clauses), b) textual (the use of connectors), c) functional (different realizations of one and the same linguistic function in French on the one hand, and in German and Swedish on the other), and d) sociolinguistic (the rendering of the formal vous into Swedish by the more formal ni or the less formal du)

Resumen: La autora de este trabajo sostiene que, para realizar una buena traducción, no es suficiente dominar los códigos «fuente» y «meta», sino que es fundamental conocer la naturaleza del lenguaje, en toda su plasticidad. Y este es el aporte clave de los estudios lingüísticos.

Resumen: This paper addresses the problem of linguistic and cultural differences in literary translation, and more specifically in the translation of poetry. It examines a key concept in postmodernism: "the other", and its relationship with translation studies. This study aims to investigate the translation of the "other" in literature, and how this is assimilated/domesticated or made foreign/exotic in poetic translation. In other words, it probes the translation of ppoetry of SL-culture and TL-culture orientation. Toachieve this, various versions of Arabic translation of Shakespeare's sonnet 18 "Shall I compare thee to a summer's day" are examined. An analytical comparative method is used.