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Resumen: Official translations are generally documents that serve as legally valid instruments. They include anything from certificates of birth, death or marriage through to academic transcripts or legal contracts. Roberto Mayoral deals with the very practical problems of official translating. He points out the failings of traditional theories in this field and the need for revised concepts such as the virtual document, pragmatic constraints, and risk analysis. He details aspects of the social contexts, ethical norms, translation strategies, different formats, fees, legal formulas, and ways of solving the most frequent problems. Care is taken to address as wide a range of cultural contexts as possible and to stress the active role of the translator.

Resumen: Este libro aborda el papel que desempeña el traductor en el mundo contemporáneo, caracterizado por la globalización, la hibridación y la asimetría. Partiendo de la desconstrucción de las definiciones esencialistas de la traducción, el libro se adentra en algunas situaciones de desigualdad entre lenguas y entre culturas que ponen en duda la tan traída y llevada neutralidad del traductor.

Resumen: Section I. Some general issues: Paper 1. On the idea of a theory, Paper 2. Shared ground in Translation Studies, Paper 3. What constitutes "progress" in Translation Studies?, Paper 4. Towards consilience?. Section II. Descriptive and prescriptive: Paper 5. The empirical status of prescriptivism, Paper 6. Skopos theory: A retrospective assessment, Paper 7. Catford revisited, Paper 8. The descriptive paradox, or how theory can affect practice. Section III. Causality and explanation: Paper 9. Causes, translations, effects, Paper 10. A causal model for Translation Studies, Paper 11. Semiotic modalities in translation causality, Paper 12. On explanation. Section IV. Norms: Paper 13. From 'is' to 'ought': Laws, norms and strategies in Translation Studies, Paper 14. A note on norms and evidence. Section V. Similarities and differences: Paper 15. On similarity, Paper 16. Problems with strategies, Paper 17. The unbearable lightness of English words. Section VI. Hypotheses: Paper 18. The status of interpretive hypotheses, Paper 19. Reflections on the literal translation hypothesis. Section VII. "Universals": Paper 20. Beyond the particular, Paper 21. What is a unique item?, Paper 22. Kundera's sentence, Paper 23. Universalism in Translation Studies. Section VIII. The sociological turn: Paper 24. Questions in the sociology of translation, Paper 25. The name and nature of Translator Studies, Paper 26. Models of what processes?. Section IX. Translation ethics: Paper 27. Proposal for a Hieronymic Oath, Paper 28. An ethical decision.

Resumen: The conference interpreting skillset - full consecutive and simultaneous interpreting - has long been in demand well beyond the multilateral intergovernmental organizations, notably in bilateral diplomacy, business, international tribunals and the media. This comprehensive coursebook sets out an updated step-by-step programme of training, designed to meet the increasingly challenging conditions of the 21st century, and adaptable by instructors with the appropriate specializations to cover all these different applications in contemporary practice. After an overview of the diverse world of interpreting and the prerequisites for this demanding course of training, successive chapters take students and teachers through initiation and the progressive acquisition of the techniques, knowledge and professionalism that make up this full skillset. For each stage in the training, detailed, carefully sequenced exercises and guidance on the cognitive challenges are provided, in a spirit of transparency between students and teachers on their respective roles in the learning process. For instructors, course designers and administrators, more detailed and extensive tips on pedagogy, curriculum design and management will be found in the companion Trainer's Guide.

Resumen: This companion volume to Conference Interpreting - A Complete Course provides additional recommendations and theoretical and practical discussion for instructors, course designers and administrators. Chapters mirroring the Complete Course offer supplementary exercises, tips on materials selection, classroom practice, feedback and class morale, realistic case studies from professional practice, and a detailed rationale for each stage supported by critical reviews of the literature. Dedicated chapters address the role of theory and research in interpreter training, with outline syllabi for further qualification in interpreting studies at MA or PhD level; the current state of testing and professional certification, with proposals for an overhaul; the institutional and administrative challenges of running a high-quality training course; and designs and opportunities for further and teacher training, closing with a brief speculative look at future prospects for the profession.