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Resumen: This article provides evidence for the applicability of free translation to legal texts, based on an examination of actual cases of Japanese-to-English translation of agreements and contracts in which problems arise from literal translation. The data analysis shows that pitfalls associated with literal translation are attributable to not only the difficulty of finding terminological equivalents that inevitably arises from the differences in the Japanese and American legal and cultural systems, but also to the importance of preserving the spirit of mutual trust and cooperation that is found in Japanese business transactions. It is also postulated that general linguistic and interpretive problems inherent in Japanese-to-English translation of nontechnical texts, including redundancy, ambiguity, propensity for nonspecific statements, and the lack of linguistic clues (e.g., indicators of number), have fundamental, but not well understood, implications for legal translation. The conclusions indicate the need for an integrated approach to legal translation practice that uses both literal and free translations, taking into full account the linguistic, cultural, and legal factors at work in the translation process.

Resumen: The trustworthiness of translators and interpreters has long been an issue in the profession. In some cases, a set of procedures are established to ensure the trust of clients and end-users. In the International Military Tribunal for the Far East (1946-1948), such procedures took on remarkable form. During the trial, three ethnically and socially different groups of language personnel engaged in three different functions within the overall interpreting process: Japanese nationals as interpreters, Japanese Americans as monitors, and U.S. military officers as language arbiters who ruled on the disputed interpretations. Sociopolitical aspects such as trust, power and control are evident in this hierarchical structure. In such political settings, and in others seen today, the trustworthiness of the interpreter may override the quality of interpreting.

Resumen: "The acclaimed Canadian novelist Margaret Atwood published The Edible Woman in 1969 when feminism was becoming an influential trend in North America. Although this story has a radical feminist voice, The Edible Woman was translated by a male translator, Oura Akio, in 1996, and his language choice for the protagonist is excessively feminine. (...) In the Japanese translation, readers are likely to find a contradictory figure in Marian and she seems to be happy to use impeccable women's language given and promoted by male-dominant authorities. (...) This fact interferes with the novel's feminist purpose. I therefore examine the effect of Maian's language use in the Japanese translation from a reader-response theory and a relevance theory point of view."

Resumen: The lay judge system was introduced in Japan in May 2009 in an attempt to promote citizen participation in legal decision making. In line with this new development, the Supreme Court of Japan created a promotional video, which is currently available at http://www.saibanin.courts.go.jp/news/video2.hyml. The video has scenes involving several Japanese expressions that have proved to be hard to translate into English.

Resumen: This presentation is divided into four parts: 1) The style in which the subjectless introductory sentence in Yasunari Kawabata's "Snow Country" has been translated into English definitely requires scrutiny. 2) The Americanized Huraki Murakami never uses any haiku-like subjectless sentences. 3) Although Kawabata scatters haiku-like flashes across his work, he does this calculatedly so that the scattered images are closely connected in a manner exclusive to the Japanese tradition. 4) Kawabata's texts, which are based on traditional Japanese culture have been trated as untouchable artifacts, while Murakami's texts have been substantially modified for publication in the United States.

Resumen: This article proposes a skopos-based analysis of the English translations of the eleventh century Japanese literary work, Genji monogatari ("The Tale of Genji") as a means of understanding the basis for the translations' differing receptions among their target audiences. The translations, by Suematsu Kencho, Arthur Waley, Edward Seidensticker and Royall Tyler, are widely spaced chronologically, being published between 1888-2001, and were each produced with differing audiences and aims, thus making them a useful corpus for this analysis. In addition, all of the translators have written, with varying degrees of explicitness, about their motivations and purposes in conducting their translations. First, through an analysis of the translators' writings, introductions, and individual circumstances, the article will demonstrate how the skopos for each translation can be determined. Second, through an analysis and comparison of text excerpts, it will demonstrate how the skopos influenced the translation choices of the individual translators, with material being, for example, omitted, changed in psychological tone, or rendered more explicit, depending upon the individual translator's overriding purpose in their work. Finally, through an analysis of the reviews of the various translations, it will consider the extent to which each translator was successful in achieving a positive and intended response to his translation in the target audience.