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Resumen: The authors have conducted a study aiming at determining the unit of translation (UT), a subject of debate for more than forty years. The article consists of a review of relevant literature, a redefinition of the UT, an examination of sampled translated texts, excerpts and sentences of over 23,000 pages, including the Bible and Soul Mountain, translated from the Nobel Prize-winning novel of the Chinese author, Gao Xingjian, and an international survey. The contrastive analysis of these ST and TT materials shows that translations are done sentence by sentence within context and thus identifies the sentence in context as the UT. This identification is further confirmed by an international survey of 66 professional translators and translation editors. By verifying the UT, this study indicates that for a UT-related theory to be testable, the translation theorist should no longer ignore or sideline the sentence from its context.

Resumen: IScience fiction films, with their unique features of speculative and science-based delineation of futuristic phenomena, mesmerize the audience to an unpredictable world. Subtitle translation of such films undergoes an inferential process to recover the communicative intention of the directors and makes manifest to the audience a set of assumptions by means of various stimuli. This paper adopts a relevance theory approach to investigate an optimally relevant subtitle translation of science fiction films, using Minority Report - one of the top science fiction films in the 21st century as a case study, with the aids of conversation analysis and protocol analysis of two episodes of the film. Verbal reports of 99 subjects from two groups of potential translators, consisting 73 students from Hong Kong and 26 students from Beijing, who have attended media translation courses and with some subtitle translation knowledge, were analysed. Supporting examples are also retrieved from the movie script, the TV subtitles in Hong Kong, as well as the two versions of DVD, separately with traditional and simplified Chinese subtitles.

Resumen: In Chinese-English translation the equivalents for noun or verb modifiers are more than often subject to redeployment in the target language. According to the principle that a modifier is supposed to be syntactically located in the immediacy of the modified toward which it is semantically oriented, the displacement of a modifier from where it should be syntactically located is incurred because of pragmatic motivations. However, in the context of Chinese-English translation, the modified can exert more drawing force on the modifier. As a result, the originally displaced modifier, now in a position identical to that of its English equivalent, returns to the modified, the noun or the verb, toward which it is semantically oriented. Or the modifier will resume the syntactic position as close to its modified noun or verb as possible. A conclusive analysis claims that the drawing gravity from the modified in C-E translation results from the translator's heightened semantic concerns, although some pragmatic effects can be produced as expected or unexpected.

Resumen: Certains termes, conceptuellement exigeants, sont difficiles à traduire et les choix traditionnellement faits et, d'une certaine manière justifiés, sont parfois ressentis comme réducteurs en philosophie de l'art. Paradoxalement, ? zhì diversement traduit ( «volonté», «ambition», «but», «idéal», «intention», «aspiration», etc. ) alors que ? shén est constamment traduit par «esprit(s)» ou «divinité(s)». Lorsqu'il est en position de verbe, ? zhì prend naturellement la forme verbale associée ( «vouloir», «aspirer à», etc. ) et ? shén, en position d'adjectif, prend aussi directement la forme associée ( «spirituel» ou «divin» ). Or en Chine, c'est l'étude du geste et de la pensée du geste, phénoménologique, qui prédomine et façonne une appréciation qui, en philosophie de l'art, porte sur l'intention agissante, combinaison conceptuelle dynamique ( substantif et verbe ). Autrement dit, une certaine univocité1 de ? zhì comme «volition» ( acte par lequel la volonté se détermine aà quelque chose ) est sous-jacente aux multiples traductions du terme et, à l'inverse, la traduction de ? shén, niveau supérieur de réalisation artistique, par «divin» ou «inspiré» est relativement insatisfaisante au regard de la pluralité des manifestations du Dao de l'art, un «pluriel du beau» ( Munch 1991 ). Dans le prolongement de l'étude de la puissance de la métaphore liée aux connotations multiples associées à différents termes en particulier en art ( Journeau 2005 et 2008 ), et à travers l'étude de la perception en traduction de ces deux termes, ? zhì et ? shén, nous proposons de montrer comment la langue chinoise et ses spécificités tant structurelles que culturelles contribuent au débat sur la relation dénotation-connotation telle qu'elle est posée pour les langues occidentales.

Resumen: The beauty of literary translation is determined by the artistic nature of the original work. Therefore, how to represent its aesthetic values should be considered the ultimate objective of literary translation. This paper, which is theoretically based on formal and non-formal aesthetic constituents of literature classified by the Chinese translation theorist Liu Miqing as well as traditional Chinese philology and modern literature stylistics, discusses extensively how to succeed in representing aesthetic values of literary works from two aspects, i.e., formal aesthetic markers and non-formal aesthetic markers. It also points out that since in a literary work formal markers and non-formal markers are really inseparable, the proper combination of the two can provide a satisfactory solution.

Resumen: This article argues that interpreters are crucial figures in the recording of history. Evidence taken from historical texts in ancient China is used to verify the claim that interpreters' notes might have been used as a reference in composing historical records. By documenting the Tang dynasty (AD 618-907) policy to have interpreters interview foreign envoys and submit the relevant accounts to the Bureau of Historiography, this article provides background for the link between interpreters' interview notes and history compilation in China. Evidence is further drawn from the history of the Sui dynasty (AD 581-618), whereby an interpreter's mediated account of the emperor's conversation with a Japanese envoy was directly adapted. Most interestingly, pictorial and written documents of foreign peoples made in the mid-6th century during the Liang dynasty (AD 502-557) were found to be very similar to the written accounts about these foreign peoples in Liangshu, the history of the Liang dynasty, completed in the early 7th century. Apparently, there is a solid link between the interview accounts and historical accounts about foreign peoples in China. Thus, there is a strong possibility that interpreters' notes, in the form of reports, provide important, if not primary, sources for history compilation in China.

Resumen: This paper describes how mediation in translation is realized by means of inclusion and exclusion of information at the selection stage and discursive deviations at the presentation stage in the process of target text production. It discusses the effect of mediation in relation to two types of the target text recipients, one is termed professional readers representing the censoring authorities and the other the intended reading public, and their respective socio-cultural backgrounds. Our argument in this paper is that an investigation of translation from the perspective of mediation helps reveal the power struggle underlying the translation process. The detailed description of the textual realization of mediation, in particular, helps create an awareness of the various ways the target text producer may take to mediate the translation process to achieve a compromise between the author's interests and the professional readers' political concerns so as to get the translation published.

Resumen: In this paper, an attempt is made to link the deployment of translation strategies in the target text with the act of conceptual mediation at the cognitive level. Data are drawn from how alien sources are translated from and into Chinese. It is argued that conceptual mediation in terms of processing economy is related to how a strategy might be deployed. In this respect, source deletion is the most economical but its outcome the least desirable for translation. On the other hand, substitution is the least economical but could preserve both the imagery and underlying concept of the source. Trans-coding and paraphrasing stand in between, with the former preserving the imagery and the latter the underlying concept. The statistics from four translated texts is in agreement with this processing economy conceivable at the cognitive level.

Resumen: This book is a study of the major events and publications in the world of translation in China and the West from its beginning in the legendary period to 2004, with special reference to works published in Chinese and English, the two major languages in the world. To widen our horizon, events relating to translation in other parts of the world have also been incuded. This is to put translation in a global context so that we know where we stand and how we should move forward.

Resumen: Adaptation, as both a method and a textual category, has been a perennial favorite with text mediators who call themselves translators, appearing especially prominently in intersemiotic rather than interlingual translation. The present paper examines the concepts and practices of adaptation, drawing particular attention to examples from both the West and the Far East. Just as a preference for adaptive methods in translation can be seen in certain periods of Western literary history (e.g. seventeenth- and eighteenth-century France), there were times when adaptations were hailed in China, Japan and Korea. In the course of the discussion, reference will be made to (1) the modernist adaptations undertaken by Western writers through much of the twentieth century; (2) the sequences of novelistic adaptations spawned in Korea and Japan by Chinese classical novels; and (3) the adaptations of European novels by the prodigious twentieth-century Chinese translator Lin Shu. It will be shown that there is a need for translation scholars to question the theoretical validity of the dichotomy between the two modes of "translation" and "adaptation," as well as an urgency to reconsider the supposed "inferior" status of adaptations.