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Resumen: Translators have invented alphabets, helped build languages and written dictionaries. They have contributed to the emergence of national literatures, the dissemination of knowledge and the spread or religions. Importers of foreign cultural values and key players at some of the great moments of history, translators and interpreters have played a determining role in the development of their societies and have been fundamental to the unfolding of intellectual history itself.

Resumen: This volume brings together a selection of papers presented at the IXth Intemational Conference on Translation and Interpreting (September 25-27, 1995, Prague) jointly organized by the Institute of Translation Studies, Faculty of Arts, Charles University, and the Ecole de Traduction et d'Interprétation, University of Geneva. The organizers dedicated this conference to Jirí Lery (1926-1967) and Anton Popovic (1933-1984), two scholars who made important contributions to the development of translation studies in the 20th century and whose names are often mentioned in connection with two European schools of translation studies, the Polysystem Theory and the Manipulation School. Both scholars trace their heritage to the Prague Linguistic Circle, whose development in tum was significantly influenced by Ferdinand de Saussure, the linguist whose work is foreyer associated with the University of Geneva. The Prague School integrated both linguistic and literary phenomena into the wider system of social values of a particular cornmunity. Lery's objective was to isolate those factors in the translation process that affect the translator's work and to improve our understanding of how a particular method of translation potentially modifies the effect the translated text has on the reader. For him translation was a process of communication, and he can thus be considered to be an .important forel1lnner of contemporary thinking on translation. It was only after his death that the idea of a normative, prescriptive approach towards translation was replacep by a new approach that respected the translator's individuality and creativity and viewed translation as a process of cornmunication, in which the original author played as important a role as the translator. The contributions in Sections 2 and 3 focus on one or more aspects of this issue.

Resumen: The present volume collects the writings on translation by the prizewinning literary translator, Giovanni Pontiero, together with observations by some of the authors whose work he translated, editors of his translations, fellow translators and critics. His articles and lectures permit an insight into both the development of a career in translation and his approach to making foreing literature accesible to English readers. Includes seven essays by Giovanni Pontiero originally published 1962-1996

Resumen: In the early pos-war decades, Translation Studies was considered to be a subdivisi'on of comparative literature or of applied linguistics, depending on the approach of the scholar concerned. Since the mid-1980s it has gained recognition as an independent discipline in its own right - or, as one might more aptly put it, given the large number of subjects with which it overlaps, an interdiscipline. This was the approach adopted for the international congress held in September 1992 at the Institute of Translation and Interpreting of the University of Vienna to commemorate the 50th anniversary of its foundation. This volume contains a selection of the 163 papers read at the Congress on topics varying from the medieval translator and cultural pluralism to computational tools and the process of simultaneous interpretation.

Resumen: Translation as a profession provides an in-depth analysis of the translating profession and the translation industry. The book starts with a presentation of the diversity of translations and an overview of the translation-localisation process. The second section describes the translation profession and the translators markets. The third section considers the process of becoming a translator, from the moment people find out whether they have the required qualities to the moment when they set up shop or find a job, with special emphasis on how to find and hold on to clients, avoiding basic mistakes. The fourth section concentrates on the vital professional issues of costs, rates, deadlines, time to market, productivity, ethics, standards, qualification, certification, and professional recognition. The fifth section is devoted to the developments that have provoked ongoing changes in the profession and industry, such as ICT, and the impact of industrialisation, internationalisation, and globalisation. The final section is devoted to the major issues involved in translator training. A glossary is provided, together with a list of Websites for further browsing.

Resumen: Contens: "Chapter 1. What goes on in the translator ́s mind? - Chapter 2. Creativity in translation - Chapter 3. Pragmatic analysis -Chapter 4. The analysis of meaning - Chapter 5. Tex analysis and the use of dictionaries - Chapter 6. Evaluation and errors - Chapter 7. A summary of strategies

Resumen: A volume highlighting the links between lexicography, terminology, language for special purposes (LSP) and translation and Machine Translation, that constitute the domain of Language Engineering. Part I: Terminology and Lexicography. Takes us through terminological problems and solutions in Europe, the former Soviet Union and Egypt. Part II focuses on LSP for second language learners and lexical analysis. Part III treats translator training in a historical context, as well as new methods from cognitive and corpus linguistics. Part IV is about the application of language engineering in Machine Translation, corpus linguistics and multilingual text generation.

Resumen: Paper from the Second Language International Conference. Elsinore, Denmarg 4-6 june 1993. Table of contens: -Language and culture in cooperation; -Cultural barriers -Tackling the differences; -Translation and class; -Interpreting and class; Screen translation: Tools; Works cited.

Resumen: This volume is a compendium of PACTE Group's experimental research in Translation Competence since 1997. The book is organised in four main parts and also includes eight appendices and a glossary. Part I presents the conceptual and methodological framework of PACTE's Translation Competence research design. Part II focuses on the methodological aspects of the research design and its development: exploratory tests and pilot studies carried out; experiment design; characteristics of the sample population; procedures of data collection and analysis. Part III presents the results obtained in the experiment related to: the Acceptability of the translations produced in the experiment and the six dependent variables of study (Knowledge of Translation; Translation Project; Identification and Solution of Translation Problems; Decision-making; Efficacy of the Translation Process; Use of Instrumental Resources); this part also includes a corpus analysis of the translations. Part IV analyses the translators who were ranked highest in the experiment and goes on to present final conclusions as well as PACTE's perspectives in the field of Translation Competence research.

Resumen: Section I. Some general issues: Paper 1. On the idea of a theory, Paper 2. Shared ground in Translation Studies, Paper 3. What constitutes "progress" in Translation Studies?, Paper 4. Towards consilience?. Section II. Descriptive and prescriptive: Paper 5. The empirical status of prescriptivism, Paper 6. Skopos theory: A retrospective assessment, Paper 7. Catford revisited, Paper 8. The descriptive paradox, or how theory can affect practice. Section III. Causality and explanation: Paper 9. Causes, translations, effects, Paper 10. A causal model for Translation Studies, Paper 11. Semiotic modalities in translation causality, Paper 12. On explanation. Section IV. Norms: Paper 13. From 'is' to 'ought': Laws, norms and strategies in Translation Studies, Paper 14. A note on norms and evidence. Section V. Similarities and differences: Paper 15. On similarity, Paper 16. Problems with strategies, Paper 17. The unbearable lightness of English words. Section VI. Hypotheses: Paper 18. The status of interpretive hypotheses, Paper 19. Reflections on the literal translation hypothesis. Section VII. "Universals": Paper 20. Beyond the particular, Paper 21. What is a unique item?, Paper 22. Kundera's sentence, Paper 23. Universalism in Translation Studies. Section VIII. The sociological turn: Paper 24. Questions in the sociology of translation, Paper 25. The name and nature of Translator Studies, Paper 26. Models of what processes?. Section IX. Translation ethics: Paper 27. Proposal for a Hieronymic Oath, Paper 28. An ethical decision.

Resumen: Can interpreting can represent a satisfying vocational goal for the bilingual and bicultural liberal arts major who has the ability to interpret. Over the next twenty years the need for well-trained court interpreters will grow. This book describes the normal flow of work, how to train for it, how to find it, how to prepare for a case, how to do the work, and subsequent reading to help us improve our work.

Resumen: This is a book on the translation of literature and media language and on live interpretation was being felt as overdue in my own work. This is, therefore, the first volume of its kind. As such, it should not only open many new perspectives in the various areas it presents, but also incite others to further this kind of study in both scope and depth. The theoretical and methodological ideas and models it contains should merit the interest not only of students of literature, professional translators and translatologists, interpreters, and those engaged in film and television dubbing, but also of literary readers, film and theatergoers, linguists and psycholinguists, semioticians, communicologists, and crosscultural anthropologists.

Resumen: Memes of Translation is a search for coherence in translation theory based on the notion of Memes: ideas that spread, develop and replicate, like genes. The author explores a wide range of ideas on translation, mapping the "meme pool" of translation theory with chapters on translation history, norms, strategies, assessment, ethics, and translator training. The aim of the book is to search for a perspective from which the immense variety of ideas about translation can be related. The unifying thread is the philosophy of Karl Popper. The book proposes the beginnings of a Popperian theory of translation, based on the fundamental concepts of norms, strategies, and values. A key idea is that a translation itself is a theory or hypothesis concerning the source text. This hypothesis is then subjected to testing, refinement, and perhaps even rejection, just like any other hypothesis.

Resumen: Language Engineering and Translation places the activity of technical translation into the modern environment of information technology. The advent of automated alternatives to human translation has fundamentally affected the professioon, its products and the relationship between translator and their clients. This book presents and discusses the translation porcess against this background. The contex in which translation is normally studies is widenend in order to re-examine this process as part of interlingual text production and to analyse the manner in which new tools affect the production of translations.

Resumen: "... The present publication is the result of a lecture series which I delivered in English at Vaasa University, Finland, in the spring of 1993. This explains te organization of the book. While the notion of knowledge and skills is maintained throughout the book, the individual chapters are relatively self-contained, but mutually supportive..." Wolfram Wilss

Resumen: The papers vere selected bearing in mind this criteria of change and to stimulate communication amongst translation scholars all over the world, from Brazil to China. The book is divided into four sections, following the four mayor lines of research outlined above: 1] Investigating Translation Paradigms; 2] Investigating the Translation Process; 3] Investigating Translation and Ideology; 4] Investigating Translation Receivers.

Resumen: A History of Modern Translation Knowledge is the first attempt to map the coming into being of modern thinking about translation. It breaks with the well-established tradition of viewing history through the reductive lens of schools, theories, turns or interdisciplinary exchanges. It also challenges the artificial distinction between past and present and it sustains that the latter's historical roots go back far beyond the 1970s. Translation Studies is but part of a broader set of discourses on translation we propose to label "translation knowledge". This book concentrates on seven processes that make up the history of modern translation knowledge: generating, mapping, internationalising, historicising, analysing, disseminating and applying knowledge. All processes are covered by 58 domain experts and allocated over 55 chapters, with cross-references. This book is indispensable reading for advanced Master- and PhD-students in Translation Studies who need background information on the history of their field, with relevance for Europe, the Americas and large parts of Asia. It will also interest students and scholars working in cultural and social history.

Resumen: This book explores the intricacies of court interpreting through a thorough analysis of the authentic discourse of the English-speaking participants, the Spanish-speaking witnesses and the interpreters. Written by a practitioner, educator and researcher, the book presents the reader with real issues that most court interpreters face during their work and shows through the results of careful research studies that interpreter's choices can have varying degrees of influence on the triadic exchange. It aims to raise the practitioners' awareness of the significance of their choices and attempts to provide a theoretical basis for interpreters to make informed decisions rather than intuitive ones. It also suggests solutions for common problems. The book highlights the complexities of court interpreting and argues for thorough training for practicing interpreters to improve their performance as well as for better understanding of their task from the legal profession. Although the data is drawn from Spanish-English cases, the main results can be extended to any language combination. The book is written in a clear, accessible language and is aimed at practicing interpreters, students and educators of interpreting, linguists and legal professionals.

Resumen: A replacement of Professor Toury`s well-known book on Translation Theory, "In Search of a Theory of Translation" (1980), this book makes a case for Descriptive Translation Studies as a scholary activity and as a branch of the discipline, having inmediate consequences for issues of both a theoretical and applied nature. Methodological discussions are complemented by am assortment of case studies of various scopes and levels, with emphasis on the need to contextualize whatever one sets out to focus on. This is an excellent book for higher-level translation courses.

Resumen: This book is based on the author's many years of experience as a practitioner, teacher and researcher in translation and conference interpreting. It is written for I/T trainers who are in search of a methodological basis for their teaching program. The author deals with essential translation and interpretation phenomena and difficulties encountered by students and professionals alike. The underlying theory is based on insights from psycholinguistics, cognitive psychology and I/T research. The 'concepts' and 'models' are easy to understand and the chapters include teaching suggestions and examples.