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Resumen: This study aims at investigating the nature and scope of the problems that Arab learners encounter in translating English metaphorical expressions into Arabic using English-Arabic dictionaries. The strategies involved in translating English metaphors into Arabic have been identified and described. The study also aims at determining the extent to which English-Arabic dictionaries are helpful to.learners in translating English metaphors. The findings of the study reveal that learners resort to a number of strategies induding finding the idiomatic translation equivalents, literal translation, interpretation and guessing. Bilingual dictionaries have been found to be a potential source of error for learners. These dictionaries offer inadequate help to translators in terms of providing equivalents to metaphorical expressions.

Resumen: This will be the last issue of Translatio during the term of office of this council and so it is an opportune time to look back over the last three and what has been achieved.

Resumen: "There has always been an unsettled debate between proponents of a theory-free practice of translation and those who believe that theory is an integral part of translators' training. The arguments the initial group provides relate to the fact that translators simply are able to conduct translations without having to rely on theoretical views which they say in most cases make their task even more complex, these views themselves, they say, are single-minded, hindered, untested; not to mention those highly controversial ones. Theory proponents on the other hand, are adamant that a translator should know about experts' views on matters related to translation. If this does not make them carry out their job with greater success, they insist, it will at least provide them with nvaluable insights about a number of nuances related to the practice. So, how relevant is 'theory' in translation?".

Resumen: En tanto el tema de este V Congreso Latinoamericano de Traducción e Interpretación es "Traducir Culturas, un desafío bicentenario", este trabajo abordará el fenómeno del lenguaje estilo llano o ciudadano, denominado también Plain Language, como herramienta de comunicación global en el ámbito jurídico. Asimismo, intentará analizar el rol del traductor en tanto es un mediador intercultural y un posible difusor y usuario de este estilo. También analizará las consecuencias derivadas del auge de Internet como vehículo de comunicación, su impacto en el discurso y el surgimiento del estilo llano. Intentará un abordaje de los desafíos que enfrenta el traductor a la hora de comunicar efectivamente. Se propondrá una categorización de las tendencias de aplicación del estilo llano o "Plain" en distintas áreas relacionadas con el ámbito jurídico (sector privado, esfera gubernamental, poder judicial) y un análisis de las tendencias y la normativa existentes, necesarias para que el traductor tome decisiones informadas relativas al estilo, que tienen un impacto directo en el campo semántico.

Resumen: "The ideas discussed in this paper explore the important role as agents of social change that translators are called upon to play in this new century. 1-Translation as an agent of cultural development, since effective translation bridges the gap between cultures, not merely words. 2- Translation as a promoter of economic growth, given the boom in international trade and the dramatic rise in the demand for translation. 3- The role of higher education institutions as harbingers of change and generators of integration through innovative translation programmes. These issues will be analysed in the context of Mercosur countries, with a special emphasis on Brazil and Argentina".

Resumen: "Stories of female spirituality in the Spanish Baroque most often result from the interaction between the mystic's original testimonies and the voice of a male author, typically the woman's confessor, who transcribes and interprets the initial texts while endowing them with legitimization. (...) In this paper, I will discuss the idea of the self-effaced translator in male narrations of famale spirituality by focusing the Vida de Getrudes de San Ildefonso, the biography of a Poor Claire nun who lived in Quito, what is now Ecuador, during the second half of the seventeenth century" .

Resumen: For political and military considerations, English has become an international language used in all aspects of life: the language of advanced science, the internet, and business communication. Both English and Arabic are two of the official languages used in the United Nations for meetings, discussions, negotiation and documentation. The above mentioned fields might be free of culture and religion because the language of science, for instance, is direct and the action is the most important element of meaning which is more important than the doer. Obviously, the same thing is applicable on the language of business or stock markets in London, New York and Dubai. But when it comes to the language of politics and mass media which processes politics, the linguistic situation becomes different due to the excessive use of cultural and religious metaphors and religious terminologies deep-rooted in most classical and modern languages like Arabic which is the language of the holy Koran followed by one billion and half people. This number is expected to rise sharply due to the high birth rate in the Muslim World as this is recommended by Islamic teachings. This means that Arabic will increasingly spoken by a large number of people worldwide. The misinterpretation of certain Arabic, political and religious terminologies results in communicative problems for politicians and journalists who could be native speakers of Arabic or English. For the purpose of investigating this communicative problem, we collected data from 10 journalists who were Arab, British and American. They were chosen randomly and asked about the terrorism connotations of frequently used Arabic terms in mass media like: islamist, martyr, strugglers, Jihad: holy war, sacrifice, Martyr operation, guerillas, etc. Those religious, political and conceptually loaded words were described, classified and codified as the most terrorism words and the most problematic words for western journalists and/or politicians. The study has revealed that they are so because they seem to represent a linguistic interface and a big aggressive concept as seen by western journalists. On top of that, they are loaded with culturally bound connotations, images and signals. On the contrary, the Arab journalists did not see these words in the way of their western colleagues did.

Resumen: El plan de estudios de la EUTI de Granada, vigente desde 1980, ha dado lugar a una situación poco idónea, desde un punto de vista pedagógico y profesional, para un desarrollo adecuado de los estudios de traducción e interpretación, ya sea por la "forma" de seleccionar a los estudiantes, como por las "aptitudes" personales de éstos a la hora de optar por una determinada especialidad.

Resumen: "Linguae S.A. es una empresa de traducción que empezó a funcionar en marzo de este año y está conformada por tres egresadas de la UNIFE pertenecientes a las promociones 90 y 92. Las tres tenemos en común el hecho de ser traductoras públicas juramentadas a raíz del último concurso convocado por el Ministerio de Relaciones Exteriores. Cada una de nosotras es traductora pública en un idioma: Elsa Chu en francés, Vanessa Castañeda en inglés y la que habla en italiano".

Resumen: "In writing some year ago about translating as an «ethnolinguistic endeavor» I may have been one of the first to speak about the broad cultural factors of interlingual communications, but I failed at that time to realize the full implications of sociolinguistics as a crucial factors in all translating and interpreting. I also mistakenly described translating to the Linguistic Society of America as a «comparative linguistic undertaking», entirely too narrow a view. It is true that in all translating and interpreting the source and target languages must be implicity or explicitly compared, but all such interlingual communication extend far beyon the mechanics of linguistic similarities and contrasts. In order to appreciate fully the role of sociolinguistics in translating and interpreting, it is essential to recognize two basic realities".

Resumen: According to a new computer tracking service called PC Watch, more than 64 million Americans regularly use personal computers either at home, school, or work. This first PC Watch report reveáis that personal computer usage is growing, with 34 percent of all U.S. households regularly using an IBM or a Macintosh personal computer. About three-fourths of PC/MAC users have a word processing program installed on the PC or MAC they use most often. And according to the U.S. Department of Commerce, Latín American countries imported

Resumen: This topic may seem a rather strange topic to introduce into the context of this congress, however, I believe that the issue deserves an airing, if for no other reason that its discussion raises issues of professionalism, competence and training; issues which are central to this congress. Before tackling the question of outlining what is meant by specialization, I would like to indícate the reason that I have chosen to talk about his topic from a "liaison interpreting perspective". I believe that this perspective, as one of the most recent perspectives in the work of an interpreter which have been developed, pro vides some useful insights into the reasons and the process of Specialisation. I would like to proceed by firstly outlining what I mean by specialization or better still what I believe is meant by specialization when interpreters and translators talk about it, then to give a brief account of the kinds of labels which have been used in the profession to deal with this phenomenon. I will then discuss it in relation to perceived competence, political and social imperatives and finally in relation to professional concerns.

Resumen: An understanding of Compound nouns which occur frequently in densecientific and technical writing is essential for communication in English for Science and Technology. Students translating from Spanish to English and vice versa while reading an English bibliography need to recognise compound nouns as a grammar structure. Students need to acquire three major skills: they must comprehend [1] the meaning of three-six noun compounds; [2] form the plural and [3] use this structure for clear, concise expression. We should also point out that this structure can have two problems...

Resumen: Didactic methods for teaching medical and general acientific translation, including research, background reading, register, style, vocabulary, word collocation and ambiguity. Source language examples will be in portuguese, but the emphasis will be on techniques. All translation teachers all medical translators shoul find the discussion interesting.

Resumen: Los autores opinan que "todo es escritura y que la escritura es el juego con el lenguaje. En todo discurso se intercambian recursos de lenguajes diferentes. Sólo depende del efecto que se quiere o pretende lograr con aquel juego. Todo es lenguaje, todo es discurso, todo es escritura (...). El ámbito de la traducción es un continuum, es decir no hay límites precisos, sólo simples transiciones, en las que prevalecen ciertos aspectos, lo que no significa que este hecho impida que estén presentes algunos que aparecen en otros textos".

Resumen: Since Marcel Bataillon produced his magisterial book Erasme et l'Espagne in 1937, it has been generally accepted by scholars that a key influence in the early part of the 16th century for the transmission of reforming ideas, both political and religious was the figure of the Dutchman Desiderius Erasmus. That acceptance was re-inforced by the greatly expanded second Spanish edition of the work, produced by Alonso Alatorre in 1966 and which became the base for all subsequent studies of Erasmian influence in Spain

Resumen: Las comisiones del CTPCBA trabajan todos los años para fomentar la capacitación y desarrollar material de referencia sobre sus áreas de interés. Las jornadas y los encuentros que organizan son muy esperados por los colegas ávidos de crecer profesionalmente. Este año, tres comisiones decidieron subir aún más la apuesta y organizar un evento que dará que hablar. De la mano de los consejeros Damián Santilli y Alide Drienisienia, las Comisiones de Artes Audiovisuales, Recursos Tecnológicos y Traducción Técnico-Científica decidieron unirse para organizar el Simposio Hispanoamericano de Traducción Especializada y Nuevas Tecnologías, que tendrá lugar los días 19 y 20 de junio [de 2016] en el Regente Palace Hotel (Suipacha 964, CABA). En este dosier, presentamos a los oradores del Simposio que fueron especialmente entrevistados para esta ocasión.

Resumen: One of the trickiest subjects in the field of translation is the translation of the style of irony. This is due to the difficulty of spotting and understanding it in the SL text first, and then of finding a possible, good and matchable version of translation in the TL language, that reflects similar stylistic functions and implications in the TL (Le. Arabic here). The delicacy and subtlety of irony, especially when it is culture-based, makes it hard to tackle in translation. Yet it is not an insuperable problem of translation. This article investigates at some length the different definitions given to irony in English language. Then, it discusses its different types in general. Eight of these interchangeable types are singled out, exemplified for in detail and translated into Arabic, with problems of translation being picked up and then solved. The paper is concluded by a framework of translation procedures and steps suggested to help translators overcome the problems of translating the English style of irony into Arabic.

Resumen: .La enseñanza de lenguas extranjeras, en general, y en nuestro país, en particular, ha sufrido claramente el efecto del péndulo en los últimos años. Se pasó de una situación casi anacrónica en la que el método de Gramática-Traducción primaba por encima de cualquier otro posible a una explosión de "comunicatividad" en los años ochenta, que conllevó de forma práctica la abolición del uso de la traducción en el aula.

Resumen: A identificação de terminologias equivalentes, em Medicina, em idiomas diferentes, parece, à primeira vista, um processo pouco problemático em função da internacionalização de expressões e de terminologias via inglês lingua franca. Entretanto, o tradutor enfrenta várias dificuldades, sobretudo quando termos médicos têm a mesma feição de palavras da linguagem cotidiana, constituindo homonímia, ou são utilizados de maneira diferenciada de acordo com sub-especialidades médicas ou áreas científicas distintas.

Resumen: Entendemos por Fraseologia aeronáutica el convenio al que llegaron los estados miembros de la Organización de Aviación Civil Internacional (OACI), para que el intercambio de mensajes entre aeronaves y los controles en tierra se realice con la máxima garantía de seguridad y entendimiento por ambas partes de los mismos. En los miles de vuelos que a diario se realizan en todo el mundo, resulta fácil comprender la importancia extrema de contar con un sistema de comunicación entre pilotos y controladores lo mas claro y conciso posible, forma que los errores de interpretación y ejecución de procedimiento resulten minimizados, o mejor aun, eliminados.

Resumen: Este artículo artículo resume un trabajo de investigación en torno a los títulos (TC) con que se estrenaron las películas británicas y estadounidenses en España durante el período del régimen franquista (1939-1975). El objetivo general de este trabajo consiste en descubrir el alcance y el carácter de la ideología que los encargados de adaptar al castellano dichos TC transmitieron -consciente o inconscientemente- por medio de éstos; y ello centrando este trabajo en la naturaleza social activa del lenguaje y otorgando a la acción de la censura oficial una importancia secundaria.

Resumen: El propósito de esta exposición es describir brevemente las características de un mercado laboral para los traductores, el de las organizaciones internacionales, en particular las Naciones Unidas, sus organismos especializados y las organizaciones que constituyen lo que se conoce como el "sistema de las Naciones Unidas". Las organizaciones internacionales, desde la Sociedad de las Naciones, establecida después de la Primera Guerra Mundial, han de ser forzosamente multilingües y por lo tanto requieren los servicios profesionales de traductores e intérpretes. En la Unión Europea, que actualmente cuenta con 27 Estados Miembros, hay 23 idiomas oficiales. En las Naciones Unidas, con 192 Estados Miembros, los idiomas oficiales son seis: el árabe (que es el incorporado más recientemente, en 1973), el chino, el español, el francés, el inglés y el ruso. Esto significa que los documentos oficiales de la Organización se publican en los seis idiomas y que las deliberaciones de los órganos principales cuentan con interpretación simultánea a esos mismos idiomas.

Resumen: En el mundo anglosajón, y a lo largo de la historia, la realidad traductográfica indudablemente varía. Los distintos tipos de traducción (religiosa o secular) que se llevan a cabo y las diferentes lenguas de partida (clásica o romances) con que se trabaja tienen una relación intrínseca con el protoitipo de traductor que prevalece en las distintas épocas.

Resumen: Hay varias corrientes de pensamiento sobre la traducción especializada. En este ámbito, encontramos aquellos traductores que han estudiado una determinada carrera, como medicina, abogacía, genética, odontología, medioambiente u otra, y luego deciden comenzar la carrera de traducción. El traductor especializado, además de conocer con certeza el tema que traduce, debe tener un amplio dominio lingüístico a fin de abordar y optimizar sus traducciones y, fundamentalmente, debe ser un gran investigador. La investigación es la base de su conocimiento para ir aumentando su competencia en el tema especializado.

Resumen: Este trabajo presenta los préstamos del inglés con sus características dentro de esta variedad lingüística en el ámbito específico de las empresas de la industria petroquímica en Bahía Blanca, en lo que constituye una "jerga profesional" y discute las dificultades surgidas en la práctica y las alternativas para el traductor en el desempeño de su tarea.

Resumen: El inglés jurídico, con sus complejidades y desafíos, en tanto vertiente del inglés con fines específicos, es una especialidad en creciente desarrollo. Es así como tanto los profesionales del derecho como los traductores especializados tienen su acercamiento a este lenguaje especializado. No obstante, las perspectivas y los abordajes difieren entre sí, y esto obedece a las finalidades y necesidades disímiles que cada una de estas disciplinas tiene y persigue.

Resumen: "This presentation aims at showing the similarities and differences between translating and interpreting. From the viewpoint of the Interpretive Theory of Translation, developed at the ESIT (University of Paris III - Sorbonne Nouvelle), it shows that while sharing a common theoretical foundation, the two processes have different operational constraints. Important implications for translator and interpreter training resulting from these operational differences will then discussed"!.

Resumen: When translating in a specialist subject area, building a bilingual glossary from a corpus is time well spent, says Nicole Hawkesford. Here she discusses the results of her MA research, which focused on mining-tourism texts

Resumen: This paper investigates strategies for the translation of irony in English editorials and feature articles into Arabic. It explores an area that has not been adequately tackled in a linguistic framework either on the individual language analysis level or the translation level.The plan to achieve this consists of five steps: (1) describing lexical, grammatical and rhetorical devices of irony from Arabic and English editorials and feature articles, written in Australia on identical political topics and at the same period; (2) describing the linguistic exponents of the rhetorical devices of irony in English and Arabic; (3) explaining the relation between ironic devices and coherence and text structure; (4) conducting a contrastive analysis based on the findings; and (5) using the findings to suggest strategies for the translation of irony. Several linguistic disciplines and sub-disciplines are invoked for the explanation of the concept of irony, namely, stylistics, discourse, sociolinguistics, behavioural linguistics and psycholinguistics, considering that irony pertains to a 'discourse semantic' field (Van Dijk 1977).