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Resumen: Linguistic expressions in every language have established patterns with meanings that can be inferred by linguistic conventions. Languages have their own norms and expressing systems that make transferred linguistic formulas seem odd. Any deviation from the established patterns can be referred to as interference. Interference in translation is the transfer of some linguistic aspect of the source text (ST) into the target text (TT). The term includes any kind of influence that is exerted by the linguistic properties of the ST on the linguistic properties of the TT. Lexical items and syntactic structures of the source language are copied into the TT, resulting in the phenomenon called 'translationese'. As a result of interference, translation has introduced a plethora of words, expressions, and constructions into Arabic, resulting in a change in modern Arabic style. One phenomenon that Arabic has witnessed in modern times is linguistic recycle. This term refers to the re-utilization of translated expressions and syntactic structures in Arabic in its intra-linguistic operation (opposed to the inter-linguistic event of translation). The language community has been using these translation-introduced formulations although they do not conform to the canonical patterns of Arabic. Being unaware of this fact, speakers of Arabic use the translation-introduced expressions and constructions instead of the native ones although they have at their disposal a variety of formulations to express the same ideas. Linguistic recycle can be categorized into the three areas of lexis, syntax, and culture. Using a contrastive approach, the paper investigates the areas of lexis and syntax, demonstrating the pervasiveness of this phenomenon and its impact on Arabic. Corpora of Arabic have been used to detect and verify occurrences of expressions and structures.

Resumen: Charged with translating an Italian play filled with social, theatrical, cultural and religious traditions that have no english equivalent, Susan Basnett ponders her options

Resumen: The present study investigates Jordanian students' ability to translate English binomials into Arabic and explores the strategies used when translating them into Arabic. It also investigates the usefulness of English-Arabic dictionaries. For this purpose, a 25-item translation test was developed and distributed to two groups; an advanced group including 30 MA students, and an intermediate group comprising 50 undergraduate students studying English at Jordanian universities. The study revealed that the subjects' general performance on the translation test was unsatisfactory. The percentage of correct answers on all items for all subjects was approximately The study revealed that the subjects' general performance on the translation test was unsatisfactory. The percentage of correct answers on all items for all subjects was approximately 44...This means that more than half of the test items in the translation test were erroneously rendered. The subjects used different strategies to translate English binomials into Arabic. The most frequently used strategy was contextualized guessing, followed by avoidance, literal translation, incomplete translation and least used, semantic approximation...

Resumen: This empirical-experimental study focuses on the processing of metaphorical expressions in sight translation (STR), a particular branch of interpreting. In order to test whether linguistic metaphors pose cognitive challenges for sight translators, we designed a within-subject experiment with 30 undergraduate taking an intermediate-level interpreting course at a Chinese university. Three streams of data, namely processing times, translation quality assessments, questionnaires and retrospective interviews, were collected and analysed for triangulation purposes.pThe results showed that metaphorical expressions took more time to process, and their presence resulted in more translation failures. In other words, the inclusion of linguistic metaphors slowed down the speed of production and compromised the quality of translation, meaning that the STR of metaphors requires more effort than for their literal counterparts. The results also suggested that the extra effort was mainly invested in the reading phase, rather than in the production phase. The data revealed that mistranslations resulting from incomplete understanding, and the ensuing imbalance in the allocation of processing capacity between the reading and production tasks, far outnumbered those resulting from the failure to find appropriate target-language terms. By adopting STR as the vehicle for examining metaphorical expressions, this study also shed some light on how metaphors are processed in a bilingual environment.

Resumen: The aim of this paper is twofold. First, it attempts to demonstrate that Arabic utterances involving euphemisms, tautologies and ironies (henceforth Arabic implicatures) lend themselves readily to a Gricean interpretation and, second, it shows how Arabic implicatures in their immediate, social context of use exhibit pragmatic failures when rendered into English. The study examines and analyzes ten Arabic utterances involving implicatures in their original contexts of situation taken from Mahfouz's (1947) Ziqaqal-Midaq which was translated by LeGassick (1966) into 'Midaq Alley', and T?ayib S?aleh?'s (1966) Mawsimu al-Hijra ila ashShamal, which was rendered by Davies (1969) into 'the Season of Migration to the North'. The study argues that to avoid pragmatic failure when translating Arabic implicatures into English, emphasis should be placed on conveying the pragmatic import of these utterances by the employment of various translation strategies ranging from those capturing the form and/or function to those capturing the communicative sense independently.

Resumen: Un especialista en la lengua española llama la atención sobre la posibilidad de traducir erróneamente expresiones del lenguaje jurídico en inglés. El autor, Enrique Alcaraz Varó, falleció en marzo pasado y era uno de los mayores especialistas hispanos en la traducción de textos jurídicos de inglés a español (y viceversa) en España.

Resumen: The oppositions between "will" and "must" in English, and between futuro and deber (de) in Spanish, cannot be totally accounted for by the opposition prediction/deduction: there is a wide array of heterogeneous factors that characterize each of these expressions in a particular way...

Resumen: Although fuzziness is one of the innate characteristics of language, shared by both Chinese and English, there do exist apparent differentiations between them as far as their roles in aesthetic-effect-generating, representation mode, application field suitability and aesthetic impact are concerned, which has remained a great challenge and regret in either English to Chinese (E-C) or Chinese to English (C-E) translation, particularly in the latter. It's no exaggeration to say that translation is a profession with no lack of regret and translators are professional regret-tasters. The most impressive regret in C-E translation might lie in the fact that the talent and capability of the translators is painfully restricted in reproducing and conveying the aesthetic effect of Chinese fuzzy expressions. As an artistically conceived language, Chinese invites macro-induction in terms of linguistic features while English, being logic-oriented, analysis-based and hypotaxis-dependent, is largely ignorant of what is called macro-induction. Hence abundant aesthetic genius of Chinese fuzzy expressions can hardly find its way into the English version. It can be said that generally the process of C-E translation is one of complementing continuously "meaning blank", of changing "indeterminacy of meaning" into "determinacy of meaning", with the E-C translation as the opposite. Many language problems in communication are essentially closely related to nationality psychologic archetype complex, which may be a significant try in translation study.

Resumen: Songs of all types as a distinct artistic genre can be very informative means of understanding the cultural and social construct of a given society. Like poetry, especially the oral form, which heavily relies on colloquialism, as is the case within a Jordanian context, songs can bear cultural, and historical allusions, genealogy, and mythology, in some cultures to be performed on related contemporary occasions. The present study is an attempt to analyze the social, cultural and historic allusions, linguistically interwoven in national and patriotic songs to reflect a massive feeling as the content of an artistic aspect of the ordinary people's everyday life. Due to cultural and social distinctiveness, as mainly expressed in colloquial Arabic expressions, such type of songs can create gaps hard to bridge in translation. Therefore, the study tries to shed light into those problems posed in translating national songs, which are richly loaded with colloquial expressions, to a target audience.

Resumen: This paper describes how mediation in translation is realized by means of inclusion and exclusion of information at the selection stage and discursive deviations at the presentation stage in the process of target text production. It discusses the effect of mediation in relation to two types of the target text recipients, one is termed professional readers representing the censoring authorities and the other the intended reading public, and their respective socio-cultural backgrounds. Our argument in this paper is that an investigation of translation from the perspective of mediation helps reveal the power struggle underlying the translation process. The detailed description of the textual realization of mediation, in particular, helps create an awareness of the various ways the target text producer may take to mediate the translation process to achieve a compromise between the author's interests and the professional readers' political concerns so as to get the translation published.

Resumen: This paper explores how translation of foreign film titles has been carried out in South Korea since foreign films first arrived in Korea following its emancipation from Japanese colonial rule. With reference to audiovisual translation in general and film or screen translation in particular, this paper discusses the extent of the mistakes made by Korean translators due to a lack of thorough contextual knowledge of the source language and culture. Most Korean translations of foreign films result in strange, surreal, and at best funny adaptations. Discussion regarding "bad," total, or almost total mistranslations focuses on (1) words with multiple meanings (homonyms and heteronyms); (2) slang and colloquial expressions; (3) words with culturally specific features; and (4) proper nouns and common nouns. This paper concludes that in an era of globalization, film title translation in Korea increasingly shows a trend towards transliteration rather than translation - either literal or liberal.

Resumen: Journalistic Arabic appears to be encroaching upon Classical Arabic language in many respects. The former seems to have been influenced by European languages via translation. New construct phrases and idiomatic expressions have come into existence and other classical syntactic structures ceased to exist in journalistic Arabic. The new syntactic modes of expression are not as strict as Classical ones. They seem conformed to the English thought habits and thus retain much less of the rigid Classical Arabic structural particularities. Thus journalistic Arabic is deemed more flexible than Classical Arabic, which enjoys a restricted formal scope of Arabic literary genres that bring about the poetic use of the language. Such use is unwelcome by the media, merely because the focus of the media writing is on communicating the message rather than presenting the aesthetic value of the expression. It is not the intention of the author here to promote Classical language to the detriment of the language of the media, but to show how deviant the modern journalistic language is in relation to the classical Arabic, the most revered and highly respected. This paper is thus an inquiry into the journalistic transgression against Classical Arabic via translation from European languages, especially English. This transgression is obvious in deviant passive structures, negative constructions, and literal translation of foreign idiomatic expressions. Each of these themes will be discussed, alongside representative examples to elucidate each point in question. The paper ends by discussing the repercussions of this study for journalists and their affinity with Classical Arabic.

Resumen: El punto de partida de esta investigacion es la existencia de una alta proporcion de significado emotivo en el dicurso económico, que le confiere una naturaleza híbrida que lo diferencia de otros lenguajes de especialidad [Languages for special purposes, LSP] con un nivel de formalización mayor [química, matemáticas]. El componente emotivo se manifiesta en la economía a través de procesos abstractos como la metaforización o la idiomaticidad, que dan lugar al alto número de expresiones idiomaticas [El, locuciones] usadas en dicho dominio. El auotor dedica el presente análisis al estudio de las particularidades lexico-gramaticales de las expresiones idiomáticas de la economía, y a la identificación de algunos patrones metafóricos recurrentes que las motivan y podrian ser la base de su gestion terminográfica.

Resumen: Este artículo brinda ejemplos de Traducción de expresiones idiomáticas de los Estados Unidos, tomando una carta como texto de partida.

Resumen: El presente estudio tiene como objetivo el buscar el equivalente o cuasi equivalente inglés de la distintas expresiones que con más o menos frecuencia utilzamos en español en el proceso comunicativo de la vida cotidiana.

Resumen: Historically, economic ideas have to a large extent developed in the English-speaking world. Economic terminology is often born un English. Thus, economic terminology in languages other than English is frequently the result of the translation of English expressions. These expressions are often idiosyncratic, appealing to concrete, vivid or visual terms, such as shapes metaphors or paradoxes. In Catalan-speaking areas, economic concepts are often first used (orally or in writing) in Spanish. Thus, many economics terms first appear as Spanish translations of English words, sometimes influencing the later Catalan term. This paper aims illustrating the original of terms and ideas, and the attempts to find satisfactory Catalan versions.

Resumen: The present paper, based on a thorough comparative study of some samples from the translated version Turbulence with its original Chinese novel Fuzao as an example for cultural translation of local literature, has examplified a discourse of Chapter 31 between the above two versions in teaching practice and explored that no matter how domesticating and foreignizing or literal translation and free translation are defined, they are source text oriented translation terms used for the same purpose of faithful translation in practice.

Resumen: Diminutives serve a variety of semantic functions such as preference, satire, affection, endearment etc. The present study endeavours to highlight similarities and differences between both languages and the affect they have on how diminutives are translated from Arabic to English. It is hypothesized that the use of noun phrases preceded by adjectives could be more recurrent than those preceded by quantifiers in rendering diminutives from Arabic into English. Two theoretical surveys of diminutives in both languages were introduced and professional translators were handed a literary text to render into English. On the basis of the linguistic and statistical analysis of the translations involving diminutives, it has been found out that diminutives have been mainly translated into noun phrases preceded by adjectives more than those noun phrases preceded by quantifiers.

Resumen: Translation is to reproduce the meaning and style of a source language text in a target language text in consideration of the cultural differences. Because of dramatic differences between the cultures, translators have to sacrifice something, such as time, religious connotation, and the wording of the original poem to obtain its aesthetic value and its original beauty. In this paper the author examines the poetry translation focusing on the basic concepts of cultural translation and the difficulties of Chinese poetry translation, and special attentions are paid on losses and the strategies in the translation. Beginning from the basic concepts of cultural translation, the paper expounds the essence of the cultural translation in order to lay a sound foundation for the following analysis of the poetry translation. In Part 2, the paper points out the difficulties of Chinese poetry translation that arise from the differences between Chinese and English cultures .Part 3 is a tentative analysis of the losses in the English translation of Chinese poetry and categorizes the losses into four groups:the loss of time;the loss of religious connotation ;the loss in wording; the loss of allusion. To address the losses, the author proposes several strategies such as free translation , transfer of allusion and annotation.

Resumen: The lay judge system was introduced in Japan in May 2009 in an attempt to promote citizen participation in legal decision making. In line with this new development, the Supreme Court of Japan created a promotional video, which is currently available at http://www.saibanin.courts.go.jp/news/video2.hyml. The video has scenes involving several Japanese expressions that have proved to be hard to translate into English.