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Resumen: Generally speaking, the message of a poem is conveyed on three levels: the semantic, the syntactic, and the phonological. How translatable each of these levels is to the translator depends on how much cognation there is between source and target language: the more cognation there is, the more translatable each of these levels. Thus, in respect of all three levels, translation between languages of the same family, such as English and French, both of which belong to the Indo-European family, is easier than translation between languages of different families, such as English and Chinese, which belong respectively to the Indo-European and the Sino-Tibetan family. If a further distinction is to be made, one may say that, in translation between Chinese and European languages, the semantic level is less challenging than both the syntactic and the phonological level, since syntactic and phonological features are language-bound, and do not lend themselves readily to translation, whereas language pairs generally have corresponding words and phrases on the semantic level to express similar ideas or to describe similar objects, events, perceptions, and feelings. As an image owes its existence largely to its semantic content, the imagery of a poem is easier to translate than its phonological features. Be that as it may, there is yet another difference: the difference between the imagery of non-dramatic poetry and the imagery of poetic drama when it comes to translation. With reference to Hamlet and its versions in Chinese and in European languages, this paper discusses this difference and the challenges which the translator has to face when translating the imagery of poetic drama from one language into another; it also shows how translating Shakespeare's imagery from English into Chinese is more formidable than translating it from English into other European languages.

Resumen: En el presente trabajo se estudian brevemente las propiedades semánticas de los sistemas verbales de algunas lenguas indoeuropeas con el fin de ilustrar la interdependencia de los distintos componentes llamados "constitución temporal del predicado". Se presta especial atención a la definición del especto léxico, del aspecto gramatical y del modo y la modalidad. En la segunda parte se pasará revista a las funciones de las formas progresivas en las lenguas analizadas. Por último, se comenta brevemente los usos de los tiempos narrativos y discursivos esencialmente en textos literarios desde la óptica de istemas verbales en vías de profundas transformaciones estructurales.

Resumen: even specialized comprehensive dictionaries fail to provide us with trustworthy and rigorous terminology every so often. therefore, use of Regulatory Documentation is recommended for these technical translators who are commited to do most accurate and rigorous translations of engineering documentation. This is because the Regulatory Documents (Codes, Standards, Specifications, Recommended Practices, etc.) made effective by an authorized body, govermment or non-goverment, are the most reliable source of most rigorous terminology to be established in a particular area of technology.

Resumen: Most practitioners of translation agree that translation is at best an ersatz, able to get across only part of the source text’s meaning, which is meaning on two levels: the semantic and the phonological. Even in translating an apparently simple lexical item, to say nothing of long stretches of discourse, they are keenly aware of what is being left out. On the semantic level, for example, the denotation of a lexical item may sometimes be preserved almost intact. However, its connotations, associations, or nuances, which can elicit subtle responses from readers of the original, often defy the process of carrying over or across, which is what transferre, the Latin word from which translate is derived, means. Yet, compared with musicality, a feature on the phonological level, all features on the semantic level will become relatively easy. With reference to translations of Dante’s Divine Comedy in Spanish, French, Latin, English, German, and Chinese, as well as translations of Shakespeare’s Macbeth in Italian, this paper discusses musicality as the most recalcitrant of all features in a source-language text, and attempts to show how, depending on factors to be examined in detail, intrafamily translation, that is, translation between languages of the same family, can capture the original music with varying degrees of success.

Resumen: La lengua lituana guarda una profunda y rica historia. Este artículo habla de sus orígenes, de la complejidad como idioma y de la presencia lituana en la Argentina.

Resumen: No es tarea fácil explicar las razones por las que una lengua se torna minoritaria: es necesario analizar sus orígenes, los pueblos que la hablaron y en muchos casos las minorías que aún las hablan; su historia y geografía; las diversas influencias que fue recubiendo a lo largo de los siglos hasta llegar a ser lo que es hoy, o en muchos casos, lo que queda de ella hoy.

Resumen: En la historia universal de las lenguas le cabe un papel fundamental a la indoeuropea como la madre de todas las lenguas en Europa, exceptuando al vasco y al húngaro. Martín Hadis, el autor de esta nota, explica la expansión de las lenguas en base a registros arqueológicos y lingüísticos.

Resumen: El viernes 12 de junio, la Comisión de Español organizó una charla sobre los orígenes del español dictada por Guillermina Bogdan, doctora en Letras por la Universidad Nacional de La Plata (UNLP) y docente de Latín III y Literatura Latina en la Facultad de Humanidades y Ciencias de la Educación de dicha universidad. La doctora Bogdan es, además, becaria posdoctoral de Filología Clásica en el CONICET; correctora internacional de textos en lengua española, por la Fundación Litterae; y especialista en Enseñanza del Español como Segunda Lengua. Dado el interés que generó el tema, compartimos el texto de la presentación.

Resumen: The author discusses Croatian language and English-Croatian translation from a historical and cultural relations viewpoint. Croating language is a South Slavic language with a 1,000-year heritage. It was written in Glago¡tic letters in its early history. Some 7 million people worldwide speak Croatian today. Problems and pitfalls in Croatian-English translation and interpretation are reviewed. Theilustrative examples cover diacritics, false cognates and short lists of the most common errors. Translator ́s resources reviewed include publications, institutions and organizations of interest. A snapshot of the current language dynamics shows an interplay between a) an influx of foreign mainly Anglicisms); b) efforts aimed at timely and proper construction of adequate iequivalents; and c) advocacy of a respectful preservation of the language's rich heritage. An initiative for the ATA accreditation program in South Slavic languages includes English-Croating language pair. Based on international standards and constitutional documents of all relevant countries, the initiative members have voted and recommended to the ATA that the obsolet term,'Serbo-Croatian', should be discontinued as a language designation. The Croatian language group has been formed. Eventual successful introduction of the Croatian-English language pair into the ATA acreditation program would contribute to a better knowledge of Croatian culture and language in the U.S. It would also lead to an interchange between language professionals and their organizations in the two countries. Finally, it would answer needs for increased volume and better quality of translation as Croatia nears entry into European Union and NATO.