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Resumen: A book such as Alice in Wonderland, written for a girl, but nowadays understandable only by adults, the translation of proper nouns can reveal the audience for which translators have addressed their works. This article looks at the translation of proper nouns. These cultural traits are first names, historical references, place names and names of languages: should these be changed to facilitate comprehension by children? This study is then used to evaluate some aspects of theories proposed by Shavit and Oittinen concerning adaptation and translation.

Resumen: When critics identify 'manipulations' in translations, these are often described and analysed in terms of the differing norms governing the source and the target languages, cultures and literatures. This article focuses on the agent of the translation, the translator, and her/his presence in the translated text. It presents a theoretical and analytical tool, a communicative model of translation, using the category of the implied translator, the creator of a new text for readers of the target text. This model links the theoretical fields of narratology and translation studies and helps to identify the agent of 'change' and the level of communication in which the most significant modifications take place. It is a model applicable to all translated narrated literature but, as examples illustrate, due to the asymmetrical communication in and around children's literature, the implied translator as he/she becomes visible or audible as the narrator of the translation, is particularly tangible in translated children's literature.

Resumen: La notion de' equivalence est un concept clé de la pratique comme de la théorie de la traduction. Cependant, l'equivalence reste toujours une notion confuse et même contestée. La raison en est sans doute quèlle a beaucoup évolué dans le contexte de la traduction à travers les époques. En effet, peu de chercheurs en théorie de la traduction continuent de nos jours à rechercher les principes de l' équivalence et de la non-équivalence au niveau des signes de deux langues comme le faisait déjà saint Augustin au quatrième siècle et comme le faisaient encore, dans les années 60 Georges Mounin (1963) et, à un moindre degré, Roman Jakobson (1966). Certes, le problème de la coïncidence ou de la divergence des structures de deux langues en présence dans le processus de la traduction reste largement d' actualité, néanmoins, on recherche de moins, en moins dans les différences entre les structures sémantiques, syntaxiques et idiomatiques des langues les réponses aux questions sur l'equivalence de traduction.