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Resumen: "There is no Americano dream. There is only the American dream created by an Anglo-Protestant society. Mexican-Americans will share in that dream and in that society if they dream in English." (cf. Huntington 2004: 256). "Las palabras de un catedrático privilegiado de la prestigiosa Universidad de Harvard siguen resonando en la vida de Estados Unidos. Aunque el país carezca de idioma oficial a nivel federal, durante los 80 y 90 muchos estados aprobaron leyes propias que establecieron el inglés como lengua única. (...) Muchos estados próximos a México, tales como California, Nuevo México o Arizona, más temerosos de la invasión hispana, han impuesto el inglés como lengua oficial, si bien Texas no lo ha hecho."

Resumen: The notion of systems has helped revolutionize translation studies since the 1970s. As a key part of many descriptive approaches, it has broken with the prescriptive focus on what translation should be, encouraging researchers to ask what translation does in specific cultural settings. From his privileged position as a direct participant in these developments, Theo Hermans explains how contemporary descriptive approaches came about, what the basic ideas were, and how those ideas have evolved over time. His discussion addresses the fundamental problems of translation norms, equivalence, polysystems and social systems, covering not only the work of Levý, Holmes, Even-Zohar, Toury, Lefevere, Lambert, Van Leuven-Zwart, Dhulst and others, but also giving special attention to recent contributions derived from Pierre Bourdieu and Niklas Luhmann. An added focus on practical questions of how to investigate translation (problems of definition, description, assessment of readerships, etc.)

Resumen: In very tense and conflicting situations, translators/interpreters/mediators are sometimes led to smooth the terms or the tone or any other aspect of a message, and this for several reasons. The verb "to buffer" relates to an act of "cushioning" and "lessening the effect of", but can also refer to a neutralizing chemical treatment. There is also Bufferin, the buffered aspirin, coated with a substance capable of neutralizing acid, so as to avoid the undesirable side-effects of the drug (such as ulcers and stomach bleeding). When translators "percolate" a message before rendering it in the other language, they function as a sort of buffer. Interpreting is a field where this happens quite often, because in interpreting situations there may be many elements that contribute to create a situation of imminent clash. Nonetheless authors of written translations also find themselves for some reason compelled to smooth the harshness of some words, use less vibrant colors to create a "typical picture" of a certain culture, and even neutralize exalted attitudes of one or more parties.

Resumen: Ideology is a major issue in Translation Studies. With a case study of the Chinese translations of English news headlines concerning the South China Sea disputes on the website of www.ftchinese.com, this paper attempts to provide insights into the translation of ideologies in news in the Chinese context. In the theoretical framework of critical discourse analysis, the ideological factors underlying the disparity between the English news headlines and their Chinese translations are explored. The three-dimensional model of analysis put forward by Fairclough is modified and adopted in this paper as the basic steps of analysis: firstly, describe the differences between the original and their translations; secondly, associate them with the social reality; finally, account for those differences. In addition, to demonstrate how translators maneuvered to reach a compromise with the antagonistic ideologies which may set difficulties either for the news to win the acceptance of Chinese online readers or pass the Chinese government censorship, this paper offers an analysis of the translation strategies adopted in those Chinese translations, such as substitution, omission as well as the more subtle strategies, including changes of modality and actor. It is found that in the Chinese translations of the English news headlines, translators' priority is on producing translations suitable to target readers and censors' ideology, rather than linguistic equivalents. Therefore, translating ideology-loaded texts adds a new way to understand translation and ideological explorations in Translation Studies have great potentials.

Resumen: Por su característico argumento principal The taming of the Shrew es una de las obras de Shakespeare más conocidas y representadas en todo el mundo. Pero, quizás tambien por ello, es una de las mas sujetas adaptaciones escénicas o cinematográficas de todo tipo. En España, ha sido traducida en mas de veinte ocasiones y llevada al cine en 1955 con el título La fierecilla domada.

Resumen: Los estudios que se presentan en este volumen son el resultado provisional de un proyecto a largo plazo que comenzó a fraguarse en la Universidad de León en 1994. El objetivo es desentrañar los mapas de las prácticas traductoras en España, su interacción con factores extratextuales, su plasmación lingüística y textual y las posibles consecuencias de dichas prácticas sobre otros modos de traducir. En otras palabras, se busca describir la actividad traductora real y formular los principios que guiaron dicha práctica de la traducción a una de las lenguas del Estado español, el castellano, en un período política, histórica e ideológicamente bien definido: la etapa franquista (1939-1975).

Resumen: The Thornbirds by Colleen McCullough narrates the story of the Cleary family, Irish immigrants in Australia, and the love that Meggie, the daughter, feels for the attractive and ambitious Catholic priest Ralph de Bricassart. By resorting to the world of emotions, McCullough wrote what became a best seller: the novel was published in the USA in 1977, reaching high reading records and being quickly translated into different languages, including Spanish. When it arrived to Spain one year later, the book controlling system that had been operative during Franco's dictatorship and which was in charge of revising all the material entering the country was then coming to its end, but the novel still had to be reviewed in order to be published.

Resumen: This article examines how racist discourse about African-Americans has been translated from English into Slovenian throughout history. Strategies for translating explicitly racist discourse, racial terminology and African American Vernacular English in translations published between 1853 and 2007 are analyzed. The results of the textual comparison are considered in the light of contemporary Slovenian attitudes towards black people and the socio-political situation in the target culture. The results show that the strategies for translating racist discourse in pre-World War II translations differed significantly from those used after a socialist regime was established in Slovenia. Translation strategies were also influenced by the important role that the Slovenian language played in the development of the national identity, by the target readership of the translations, as well as by contemporary relations between the source and target culture. Ideological interventions sometimes considerably affected the interpretive possibilities of a particular literary work.

Resumen: For political and military considerations, English has become an international language used in all aspects of life: the language of advanced science, the internet, and business communication. Both English and Arabic are two of the official languages used in the United Nations for meetings, discussions, negotiation and documentation. The above mentioned fields might be free of culture and religion because the language of science, for instance, is direct and the action is the most important element of meaning which is more important than the doer. Obviously, the same thing is applicable on the language of business or stock markets in London, New York and Dubai. But when it comes to the language of politics and mass media which processes politics, the linguistic situation becomes different due to the excessive use of cultural and religious metaphors and religious terminologies deep-rooted in most classical and modern languages like Arabic which is the language of the holy Koran followed by one billion and half people. This number is expected to rise sharply due to the high birth rate in the Muslim World as this is recommended by Islamic teachings. This means that Arabic will increasingly spoken by a large number of people worldwide. The misinterpretation of certain Arabic, political and religious terminologies results in communicative problems for politicians and journalists who could be native speakers of Arabic or English. For the purpose of investigating this communicative problem, we collected data from 10 journalists who were Arab, British and American. They were chosen randomly and asked about the terrorism connotations of frequently used Arabic terms in mass media like: islamist, martyr, strugglers, Jihad: holy war, sacrifice, Martyr operation, guerillas, etc. Those religious, political and conceptually loaded words were described, classified and codified as the most terrorism words and the most problematic words for western journalists and/or politicians. The study has revealed that they are so because they seem to represent a linguistic interface and a big aggressive concept as seen by western journalists. On top of that, they are loaded with culturally bound connotations, images and signals. On the contrary, the Arab journalists did not see these words in the way of their western colleagues did.

Resumen: The implementation of the American neoliberal model in Chile four decades ago, in addition to the nation's participation in the globalized world, has led to significant changes in society. In fact, the effects of the adoption of that paradigm are evident in a wide variety of areas, including that of the use of the language. For this reason, it is of interest for linguists and translators to do research on the influence of the English language and American culture on Chilean society. For this reason, the objectives of this study were to verify the presence of English loanwords in the written press in order to describe them, determine their type and token frequency and patterns of use, and infer the causes of their adoption in Spanish.

Resumen: This article focuses on Josep Maria de Sagarra's translations of Shakespeare's plays. It starts by offering an overview of clandestine translation under Franco's regime, it considers the social impact of later reeditions and analyzes the translation criteria employed in his translations of Shakespeare's plays: Sagarra's is a natural fictive orality meant not to be read aloud but rather to be staged, and his use of formal resources like rhythm and rhyme distinguish him from his predecessors (Magí Morera i Galícia and Cèsar August Jordana) and followers (Marià Manent). Finally, the article analyzes the reception that Sagarra's translations have had.

Resumen: The case study examined in depth is a comparison analysis of the classical English novel Tess of the D'Urbervilles by Thomas Hardy, which has been translated into Chinese seven times, with seven versions preserving the novel form of the original. The present study will elaborate on the differences between two Chinese versions of Tess of the D'Urbervilles, one is Zhang Guruo's version translated in 1934, and the other is Sun Zhili's version translated in 1999, with regard to language style, literature, concept, acceptance of context, as well as the different translation strategies translators adopted in different historical, social and cultural contexts. The study also examines the special role played in the process by the two translations. The present paper thus contributes both to translation studies and to literary theory. The comparison is carried out by answering the following questions: - What are the social cultural impacts on the first translation and the retranslation? - What kind of selection tendencies do the two translators have? - What are the specific translation strategies adopted by the translators in the field of social customs, history and religion, literature and art, Bible and other allusions, literature and historical figures? Why?

Resumen: The recent boost in English translations of Rabbi Abraham Isaac Kook (1865-1935), the undisputed father of religious Zionism, may be considered a revealing juncture between Israeli and American Modern Orthodox Jewish communities. Upon establishing the features of theological translation in this homeland-diaspora framework, my paper offers a discussion of a dominant translation trend of Kook’s thought in the 1990s, an ideologically motivated “export” of texts which has been largely determined by the transnational movement of people. The translators were American rabbis who emigrated and settled in Israel and the main target audience for the translations was the growing number of young American Jews making the one-year study visit in Israeli yeshivas before returning to American college life. The translations, I argue, were framed as a political polemic on the part of right-wing religious Zionism, aimed at promoting a highly nationalist, topical political interpretation of Kook’s suggestive Hebrew works among English-speaking Modern Orthodox Jews, particularly those making the increasingly popular study visit in Israeli yeshivas – visits that have been associated with the persistent “slide to the Right” of Modern Orthodox Judaism in America in recent decades.

Resumen: The main purpose of this study is to compare and contrast the English-Chinese translated financial terms of Mainland China and Hong Kong in light of the necessary criteria for special communication terminology, and explore the feasibility of standardisation. Some distinctive linguistic properties and translation methods of the two regions' Chinese financial terminology will be illustrated based on data from an industry glossary and major bank annual reports. The present situation is that Mainland China and Hong Kong display both similarities and differences in their Chinese translation of financial terms. With the increasing contact since the 1997 handover, the two regions appear to have been influencing each other, especially in that Mainland China has been adopting Hong Kong's Chinese translations. In view of the fact that some translation scholars and practitioners advocate the standardisation of Chinese financial terminology in Mainland China, Hong Kong and Taiwan for the sake of better economic development, this paper outlines the main properties of the two regions' terminologies and evaluates how such standardisation might possibly proceed. Limited research has been done with regard to the translation of Chinese financial terminology and this exploratory study will fill that gap and attract similar studies in the translation and terminology fields.

Resumen: This paper describes how mediation in translation is realized by means of inclusion and exclusion of information at the selection stage and discursive deviations at the presentation stage in the process of target text production. It discusses the effect of mediation in relation to two types of the target text recipients, one is termed professional readers representing the censoring authorities and the other the intended reading public, and their respective socio-cultural backgrounds. Our argument in this paper is that an investigation of translation from the perspective of mediation helps reveal the power struggle underlying the translation process. The detailed description of the textual realization of mediation, in particular, helps create an awareness of the various ways the target text producer may take to mediate the translation process to achieve a compromise between the author's interests and the professional readers' political concerns so as to get the translation published.

Resumen: Propone un repaso de los conceptos sociales y lingüísticos en los que se basan las distintas ramas del lenguaje inclusivo y de las normas gramaticales que lo rigen, así como el planteo de un análisis contrastivo entre los idiomas español e inglés a partir de ejemplos tomados de obras y personas reales.

Resumen: "Hemos empezado aludiendo a Gurpreet Kaur Bhatti y terminamos recogiendo sus palabras. Estas nos recuerdan que el teatro no tiene que ser necesariamente un espacio cómodo. Las dramaturgias analizadas de Syal y de Ahmad no lo son. Las dos tienen en común que confían en el teatro como un espacio privilegiado en el que los conflictos de identidad afloran y el género ocupa un lugar de intersección junto con la etnia y la tradición."

Resumen: Toda producción intelectual o artística está ligada a los condicionamientos culturales de su época. La traducción literaria no es excepción: como actividad productora de textos, se ve afectada por los factores culturales, la visión del mundo de una determinada sociedad, los modelos textuales ofrecidos por esa sociedad, la orientación hacia textos ya aceptados y el discurso que comparten el escritor y el lector. Theo D'Haen presenta varios casos en que los condicionamientos culturales explican traducciones dispares de una misma obra clásica, como el Julio César de Sahkespeare, realizadas en diversos países y épocas. Dichos casos parecen confirmar la idea de que la escritura o la traducción no son completas sin el concurso del lector y la sanción de la sociedad para los que se escribe o traduce. Ahora bien, la traducción de textos clásicos, al realizarse sobre supuestos culturales que no suelen coincidir con los de la época del autor, corre el riesgo de desvirtuar el original si no respeta la lectura que éste exige.

Resumen: Las nuevas técnicas de reproducción humana médicamente asistida han traído aparejadas nuevas formas de familia. Una de las formas que más aumentó en lo últimos tiempos es la familia monoparental a partir de la concepción mediante las nuevas técnicas, incluso, la gestación por subrogación. Estas nuevas realidades han dado lugar a una serie de términos a tener en cuenta en las traducciones de partidas de nacimiento.

Resumen: With over 200 contributions by authors from some 50 countries in the form of lectures, panel discussions, poster presentations and seminars, the content of the XXth FIT World Congress reflects the full range of development of the globalized language profession. It covers a wide area, from high-tech topics related to day-to-day work such as post-editing of machine translations or working in the cloud, through quality assurance standards to various aspects of the qualities required for the job. Presentations on aspects of daily work, didactic models and case studies illustrate the global professional reality of translators, interpreters and terminologists in the second decade of the 21st century and suggest approaches to the problems of tomorrow. What will the work of translators, interpreters and terminologists look like in future? What challenges will they have to face? How will national markets and the international market for these services change? These volumes, which contain most of the presentations from the XXth FIT World Congress, document a host of interesting responses and provide material for a range of further discussions.

Resumen: With over 200 contributions by authors from some 50 countries in the form of lectures, panel discussions, poster presentations and seminars, the content of the XXth FIT World Congress reflects the full range of development of the globalized language profession. It covers a wide area, from high-tech topics related to day-to-day work such as post-editing of machine translations or working in the cloud, through quality assurance standards to various aspects of the qualities required for the job. Presentations on aspects of daily work, didactic models and case studies illustrate the global professional reality of translators, interpreters and terminologists in the second decade of the 21st century and suggest approaches to the problems of tomorrow. What will the work of translators, interpreters and terminologists look like in future? What challenges will they have to face? How will national markets and the international market for these services change? These volumes, which contain most of the presentations from the XXth FIT World Congress, document a host of interesting responses and provide material for a range of further discussions.