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Resumen: This study describes the deployment of a modified form of Mediawiki in translation pedagogy. The study is based on experimentarion at the University of Macau and examines a framework for using wiki as a pedagogical tool for translator training. It looks at Wiki as a platform enabling student-centred collaborative learning, drawing from the social constructivist theory. Three user surveys collected at the end of each year shed light on the way the system was received and possible problem areas. They indicate that the system was received favorably, though concerns regarding speed and coordination of discussions remain.

Resumen: Broadly historical in its approach, this article explores how the Xiaoxue (Lesser or Elementary Learning), or Sohak in Korean, a primary textbook for Confucianism in China, was translated into Korean at two different times with a span of seventy years between the versions in the sixteenth century. It argues that the two different versions of translation of the same book, Beonyeok Sohak and Sohak Eonhae, reflected not only significant differences in the principles and strategies of translation: free translation or literal translation and native words or foreign words, among other things; but they also revealed significant difference in the translators' - or, for that matter, their commissioners' - ideologies and worldviews. The two Korean versions of the Xiaoxue was thus a contested battleground for the scholars and the politicians. In sum, it claims that the debate on the methodology of translation is not just an issue specific to Western translation theory but also non-Western translation theory.

Resumen: In the translating some financial/economic and political oriented documents from Chinese into English, we find that besides tackling the difficulties in the language aspect, we, have to deal with concepts that may be totally alien to each other, rules and regulations and systems that may be non-existent or entirely different in the other country and culture. We would like to take up the issues and problems that crop up in our translation of Chinese housing lease and politically oriented news articles as case studies and discuss with the audience how we should deal with such difficulties and solve them so as to turn out a translation that is understandable and acceptable to both concerned parties. To us, any translation task is a learning process to enrich our knowledge and experience in our translation career.

Resumen: With rich connotations and marked features, the translation theory of "Political Equivalence" has great significance in directing the standards, procedures and specific methods for diplomatic language translation. As a special form of discourse, diplomatic language is closely related to foreign policies and state interests, and has strong political inclination, thus inevitably concerning political issues. This paper, under the theoretical guidance of "Political Equivalence", advances the strategies for translating the Chinese diplomatic neologism Buzheteng used by Chinese President Hu Jintao at the conference celebrating the 30th anniversary of the reform and opening policy. Its purpose is to analyze the literal meaning, political context and connotations of the localism Buzheteng, and to conduct an analytical contrast of different translations. It also aims to provide a critical evaluation of the "Zero Translation" theory proposed by Zhu Chunshen and Zhang Junfeng from the City University of Hong Kong. The translation of Buzheteng illustrates that the "Political Equivalence" theory is one of the major criteria and principles gauging the translation of diplomatic languages.

Resumen: Ideology is a major issue in Translation Studies. With a case study of the Chinese translations of English news headlines concerning the South China Sea disputes on the website of www.ftchinese.com, this paper attempts to provide insights into the translation of ideologies in news in the Chinese context. In the theoretical framework of critical discourse analysis, the ideological factors underlying the disparity between the English news headlines and their Chinese translations are explored. The three-dimensional model of analysis put forward by Fairclough is modified and adopted in this paper as the basic steps of analysis: firstly, describe the differences between the original and their translations; secondly, associate them with the social reality; finally, account for those differences. In addition, to demonstrate how translators maneuvered to reach a compromise with the antagonistic ideologies which may set difficulties either for the news to win the acceptance of Chinese online readers or pass the Chinese government censorship, this paper offers an analysis of the translation strategies adopted in those Chinese translations, such as substitution, omission as well as the more subtle strategies, including changes of modality and actor. It is found that in the Chinese translations of the English news headlines, translators' priority is on producing translations suitable to target readers and censors' ideology, rather than linguistic equivalents. Therefore, translating ideology-loaded texts adds a new way to understand translation and ideological explorations in Translation Studies have great potentials.

Resumen: El presente artículo se centra en las características de la traducción en el ámbito de la política. Clasificamos la historia de la traducción de textos políticos de la China moderna en tres etapas. La parte principal de este artículo consiste en el análisis de algunos aspectos macrológicos y micrológicos de la versión castellana de la obra de Xi Jinping Gobernación y Administración de China. En cuanto al análisis macro de este texto político, nos centramos en las características de la traducción institucional en China. En el análisis micro de la obra, nos fijamos en distintos niveles, desde la textualidad, la retórica o las estructuras oracionales hasta determinados elementos del léxico. Con una metodología indisciplinar que combina teorías políticas y traductológicas, llegaremos a conclusiones sobre las formas de la acción política, las características de las tres etapas y las estrategias utilizadas en la traducción de la obra.

Resumen: A comienzos de nuestra era, el budismo irrumpe en China. La traducción al chino de las escrituras búdicas adquiere, desde entonces, una importancia sólo parcialmente emulada, desde un punto de vista cuantitativo, por la propia traducción de la Biblia. Poco se conoce de esta ingente labor de traducción, de la que aquí sólo pretendemos hacer un breve esbozo. El budismo se extendió por China en los albores de la era cristiana desde los reinos indo-iranios de Serindia o Asia Central -Kushan, Parthia, Kang Ju- siguiendo las rutas comerciales de la época. De su difusión por China en estos primeros siglos existen pruebas fehacientes en Dunhuang, Chang'an y Luoyang, y también en el sur de las provincias de shandong y Anhui, en el valle inferior del Yang-tsé, en los alrededores de la actual Wuchang y en el remoto sureste, en Zhaozhou, donde fue, al parecer, llevado por los navegantes y mercaderes indios.

Resumen: As translation eductation grows more comprehensive, prosperous, and diversified, training professional translators has become an essential element of such education programs. By revisiting various translation training approaches and several models of translation competence, this paper, inspired by social constructivism, points out that the ultimate goal of educating translation proffesionals is to improve their translator competence instead of translation competence.

Resumen: More and more overseas tourists are coming to China for a visit after the 2008 Beijing Olympics, and websites with relevant information will undoubtedly become their first channel to know about the desired places in China. However, they are always confused about the English translation of the scenic spots. Based on the Skopostheorie and from the perspective of purpose of translation, this paper attempts to make a detailed analysis of translation errors in the English versions on the websites of some tourist attractions in China, in comparison to their parallel texts on the websites of similar scenic spots in other parts of the world. With the help of 'non-equivalence at culture level' proposed by Christiane Nord, causes for errors have been found. In the light of the Skopostheorie, translation brief of websites for tourism has been defined, and errors have been classified into three categories: 'pragmatic translation errors', 'cultural translation errors', and 'linguistic translation errors'. A number of error samples of each type have been listed and suggested versions have been given. Parallel texts have been provided as a comparison and good examples to learn from. Through this study, we may conclude that non-equivalence at culture level and word level pose great difficulty in translation, and errors will be committed if the translator is unaware of the skopos or purpose of the translation. However, these errors can be avoided if more effective and flexible strategies are adopted by the translator, such as 'translation by cultural substitution', 'omission', and 'translation by a more general word'. This study may serve as a reference for further study on a larger and wider range of errors, and as a reference for future tourism-websites translators.

Resumen: The futility of decades of government efforts to disseminate Chinese literature has triggered discussions among Chinese scholars on how to translate and who should be entrusted with this task. Some blame the failure on traditional concepts of translation that overemphasize faithfulness to the original to the point of disregarding target cultural conditions, but others insist that China should have control over its cultural export and that Sino-English should be used to internationalize English. Findings show that traditional concepts should not be blamed, as aggressively source-oriented strategies have been used in outbound translation only in recent years, and that this shift in translation norms in government-initiated outbound translation has spread to non-literary text types, and also to Hong Kong and Taiwan. The same kind of aggressiveness has recently been displayed in other forms of cultural export, triggering resistance in other cultures. All these changes may be attributable to a heightening of cultural self-image. What is needed to address the issue is cultural self-reflection, which will lead to the awareness that economic growth does not immediately bring cultural prestige, and that source-initiated cultural export efforts may make little difference in central cultures. Cultural awareness at a higher level can be achieved only through empathy.

Resumen: El siguiente volumen es un material dedicado al aprendizaje del chino para quienes estudian en un contexto donde no se habla chino mandarín. Aparte de fomentar la lectura de los caracteres chinos como un objetivo importante, el principal contenido de este libro tiene como referencia los criterios del Marco Común Europeo en las áreas relacionadas con las capacidades comunicativas de comprender y de hablar en el nivel A2 intermedio. El libro contiene 10 temas con diferentes actividades y obras teatrales en los últimos dos capítulos; además, se completa en la segunda parte con una sección de funciones gramaticales. La producción de la primera parte está a cargo de la profesora Limei Liu Liu y la explicación de la gramática corresponde a la profesora S. H. Huang. Respecto a las obras teatrales, han sido cosechas de unos años de experiencia de interacción con los alumnos: frutos y participaciones en el aula sobre los temas culturales de la literatura chino. En cuanto a la parte gramatical, intentamos explicarla de forma sencilla y clara y con acompañamiento de ejemplos, evitando el uso de términos lingüísticos específicos. Además, hemos puesto ejercicios para que los alumnos puedan practicar y evaluarse a sí mismos

Resumen: This empirical-experimental study focuses on the processing of metaphorical expressions in sight translation (STR), a particular branch of interpreting. In order to test whether linguistic metaphors pose cognitive challenges for sight translators, we designed a within-subject experiment with 30 undergraduate taking an intermediate-level interpreting course at a Chinese university. Three streams of data, namely processing times, translation quality assessments, questionnaires and retrospective interviews, were collected and analysed for triangulation purposes.pThe results showed that metaphorical expressions took more time to process, and their presence resulted in more translation failures. In other words, the inclusion of linguistic metaphors slowed down the speed of production and compromised the quality of translation, meaning that the STR of metaphors requires more effort than for their literal counterparts. The results also suggested that the extra effort was mainly invested in the reading phase, rather than in the production phase. The data revealed that mistranslations resulting from incomplete understanding, and the ensuing imbalance in the allocation of processing capacity between the reading and production tasks, far outnumbered those resulting from the failure to find appropriate target-language terms. By adopting STR as the vehicle for examining metaphorical expressions, this study also shed some light on how metaphors are processed in a bilingual environment.

Resumen: Diplomatic translation represents one of the most complicated, advanced, and toughest translation activities in the modern world. It differs from other translations in that it concerns national interests and foreign relations, is politically sensitive and therefore highly demanding, so the general translation criterion is not suitable for diplomatic translation. On the basis of Eugene Nida's Equivalence Theory and from the analytical perspective of the basic principles of International Relations and Diplomacy, this paper proposes the translation concept, "Political Equivalence," taking as a case study the translation of Tao Guang Yang Hui (literally "Maintaining a Low Profile"), one of Deng Xiaoping's famous diplomatic axioms. Thus the paper regards Political Equivalence as the most important criterion for diplomatic translation and also explores the principles and methods therein to achieve political equivalence in the Chinese cultural perspective.

Resumen: Today, the translator himself/herself has become the focus of the translation study. The translator and writer Pearl S. Buck was called "a bridge between the civilization of the East and West" by President Nixon. However, her translation of the Chinese clasical novel Shuihuzhua, under the title "All Men Are Brothers" has been criticized as too literal and inaccurate. This paper is intended to defend her translation with both quantitative and qualitative analysis, both library study and field work.

Resumen: La expansión del budismo desde la India hacia Oriente se produjo durante las dinastías Han y principalmente Jin, como resultado de la labor traductora de Kumārajiva. Sus versiones de los originales en sánscrito al chino, más comprensibles que las existentes hasta el momento, recibieron la ayuda del poder oficial, gracias al cual pudo desarrollar una escuela de traducción. Dos siglos más tarde, durante la dinastía Tang y con el respaldo de la corte imperial, Xuan Zang fue el iniciador de la llamada Nueva Traducción. La recepción de los textos sagrados del budismo en China es debida a la iniciativa de monjes traductores y al interés de los órganos de poder. Se trata de traducciones determinantes para la historia de la cultura y lengua chinas. El análisis de por qué se produjeron, cuándo, cómo y con qué criterios permite comprender mejor el desarrollo social y político de los países orientales.

Resumen: This paper investigates the mediation role of interpreters through modality shifts in Chinese-English diplomatic interpreting. Based on the custom-built corpus of interpreted government press conferences, this article conducts a Systemic Functional Linguistics-informed analysis of modality shifts by examining the ST-TT sentence pairs that present high-frequency Chinese or English modality markers. Results show that: (1) the degree of mediation by the interpreters is fairly high in terms of modality, with 44 percent of the investigated sentence pairs involving modality shifts; (2) shifts mostly occur in modality value (91 percent) and orientation (64percent) rather than modality type (5percent), thus the basic speech function of the clause is minimally changed; (3) shifts within the three dimensions point to general tendencies towards "weakening," "subjectivization" and "de-obligation," which reflect the interpreters' efforts to construct the Chinese officials' image as audience-friendly and proactive, and to adapt the TT to the English communicative norms; (4) "strengthening" and "objectivization" shifts occur frequently around issues concerning the Chinese government's responsibility or ability, which reveals the interpreters' active involvement in presenting the Chinese government as responsible, confident and powerful. The study argues that the press conference interpreters' active mediation is motivated by their institutional identity as "diplomatic workers" and "government representatives" in the Chinese context.

Resumen: Despite the fact that translation teaching research has been gaining momentum over the last two decades, little has been written and therefore known about translation assessment in the teaching context. This article reports on a data-based empirical study of translation testing in China. The issues raised in it range from teachers’ attitudes towards testing to its objectives, design, contents, frequency, and its pedagogical roles. It is suggested that more research be done on translation testing, of which the first task is to develop a theoretical framework to provide guidance for translation testing practice and research. It is further recommended that translation testing be made more teaching-oriented and brought closer to the real world of professional translation.

Resumen: The translation, dissemination and reception of knowledge has served as an excellent indicator of changing ideologies and the major catalyst for institutional changes, language reforms and social transformation in China. However, English representations of the Chinese tradition of translation (e.g. Hung 2005; Hung and Pollard 2009) have not incorporated research findings from Chinese studies (e.g. Cohen 1995; Amelung, Kurtz and Lackner 2001; Elman 2005) and tend to provide unsubstantiated generalizations and hasty conclusions. This article uses a combination of "cultural tool" (Even-Zohar 2005) and "culture planning" (Even-Zohar 2008) as a frame of reference to provide a macroscopic perspective on knowledge translation in different Chinese historical periods as "a means of planning" (Toury 2002:?166) to promote religious agendas, modernize traditional Chinese natural studies, Westernize educational and academic systems, facilitate modernization of the state or participate in global knowledge production.

Resumen: For the past two years, Kevin McGeary has been writing and performing satirical songs in Mandarin. He reveals what his host country makes of this unusual pastime.

Resumen: La restauration chinoise, au Québec, est un domaine d'activité où le besoin d' une terminologie française uniformisée se fait particulièrement sentir (emprunt abusif au chinois et à l'anglais, imprécision des termes et mauvaises tournures grammaticales). Le présent lexique constitue un premier effort pour combler cette lacune.

Resumen: In 2007, the Commission of Academic Degrees of the State Council of China approved an education program-Master of Translation and Interpreting (henceforth MTI), and in 2014 there are already 206 higher learning institutions started running such a program, aiming at training postgraduate students to be professional translators with advanced translation competence. Part of this translation competence is the ability to use electronic tools and resources, which has not received adequate scholarly attention in the field of translation studies in China. The objective of this research is to construct an ideal learning environment for MTI students from the social constructivist perspective by exploring the possibility and benefit of bringing the students out of the traditional classroom teaching into the authentic environment wherein professional translators use electronic tools on a daily basis. This article addresses the following research questions: (1) What constitutes an ideal environment wherein its various components interact to facilitate the student's learning? (2) In what way does such an environment assist the MTI students to learn to use electronic tools? (3) How can the gap between the student translator and the professional translator be bridged in terms of the skills to use electronic tools in a 2-year training program? In response to these questions, this article explores the interaction among the various components of the external environment of translator workstation. It proposes an ideal learning environment metaphorically referred to as "the ecosystem of translator workstation", which aims to enable MTI students to learn to use electronic tools in an environment similar to their future workplace. Such a research has great implications for translator education in present-day China by revealing what is best taught or trained in the workplace rather than the traditional classroom setting.

Resumen: This article argues that interpreters are crucial figures in the recording of history. Evidence taken from historical texts in ancient China is used to verify the claim that interpreters' notes might have been used as a reference in composing historical records. By documenting the Tang dynasty (AD 618-907) policy to have interpreters interview foreign envoys and submit the relevant accounts to the Bureau of Historiography, this article provides background for the link between interpreters' interview notes and history compilation in China. Evidence is further drawn from the history of the Sui dynasty (AD 581-618), whereby an interpreter's mediated account of the emperor's conversation with a Japanese envoy was directly adapted. Most interestingly, pictorial and written documents of foreign peoples made in the mid-6th century during the Liang dynasty (AD 502-557) were found to be very similar to the written accounts about these foreign peoples in Liangshu, the history of the Liang dynasty, completed in the early 7th century. Apparently, there is a solid link between the interview accounts and historical accounts about foreign peoples in China. Thus, there is a strong possibility that interpreters' notes, in the form of reports, provide important, if not primary, sources for history compilation in China.

Resumen: High-level political interpreting in China is a specialized interpretation with distinct principles and requirements and among them the interpreter's political awareness plays a critical role. In this article, the political awareness is investigated through a detailed examination of the interpreter's experiential meaning transfer using former Chinese Premier Zhu's debut press conference in 1998 as a case study. The study then identifies three types of political awareness-manipulated strategies employed by the interpreter at the conference: (a) the addition of experiential meaning to express political standpoint; (b) the omission of experiential meaning to eliminate potential negative political effects; (c) the correction of inaccurate experiential meaning to avoid political misunderstanding. Lastly, implications are drawn with reference to field as one of the contextual variables and the social institutional context. The article argues that political awareness on the part of the political and diplomatic interpreter in China is a paramount interpreting competence, that effective interpretation of the Chinese state leader's speeches depends upon the interpreter's high level of political awareness, and that such awareness is determined by the source text's relevant field and Chinese specific social institutional context.

Resumen: Public signs refer to the type of sign posted in public places to alert readers to certain information. They constitute a special genre in terms of language use, communicative functions and cultural features. The translation of public signs from Chinese into English presents a number of unique challenges. This article concentrates on issues relating to information loss and change of appellative effect in chinese-english public sign translation based on actual examples collected in Mainland China, Taiwan and Hong Kong.

Resumen: "The attention women received from the state was motivated by practical concerns. They were to be breeders of new generation of "continental Japanese" and serve as farm laborales. The mass media functioned as an inditect for recruiting young women to become settlers' wives. While the "Manchuria fever" created by journalism was escalating, the expression tairiku no hanayome (continental bride) acquired the status of a household word in the late 1930s. Marriage was the most unlikely matter of personal choice for Japanese womwn in those day. It was considered the only socially acceptable life for them. Most marriages werw arranged".

Resumen: Scholars have extensively explored translation as product and as process, but relatively little attention has been paid to translation as a power of defence and construction. This paper proposes a modest step in this direction by conceptualizing the power of translation in the modern world of globalization in terms of the soft power theory, with particular reference to the Chinese context. With this in mind, the author argues that globalization presents both opportunities and challenges for translation as a soft power. In the face of rising fears regarding a crisis of identities and a cultural deficit intensified by globalization, the roles of translation as a "cultural filter" and a bridge for intercultural communication give it a defensive soft power. Under soft-power-oriented policies, translation not only serves as a "charm" tool for public diplomacy and nation-branding, but also contributes to an understanding of China's ideals and helps export Chinese cultural values, thereby highlighting its role as a constructive soft power.

Resumen: Film translation in China began as early as 1949 and has been developing very fast. This article aims at providing an overview of the current situation of film translation in China and explores the two major types of English-Chinese film translation: dubbing and subtitling. Therefore, it can be roughly divided into two parts. The first part constitutes a general background for the study of film translation. The author of this article first discusses film's origin and nature, the features of film language and the classification of film translation. Of the four categories of film translation (subtitling, lip-sync dubbing, narration, and free-commentary), dubbing and subtitling are the main forms used in China. Then the differences between the two types and social preference for them are analyzed. The author also presents a summary of film translation's development and current studies on this topic. The second part probes into the details of dubbing and subtitling. This article investigates the features and technical constraints of dubbing and subtitling. The main techniques adopted in practice are illustrated through specific examples. Both forms have their relative advantages and disadvantages. In subtitling, standardization and simplification are its two important techniques. Standardization is concerned with the transfer of text mode - from spoken text to written text, while simplification is related to the technical constraints in subtitling, namely spatial and temporal constraints. In dubbing, the translator should make his translation fit into the pictures and synchronize the lines and the pictures, so lip synchronization, gestures and pauses are the major constraints in dubbing. As the two main forms of film translation in China, dubbing and subtitling coexist and compete with each other in the market.

Resumen: The main purpose of this study is to compare and contrast the English-Chinese translated financial terms of Mainland China and Hong Kong in light of the necessary criteria for special communication terminology, and explore the feasibility of standardisation. Some distinctive linguistic properties and translation methods of the two regions' Chinese financial terminology will be illustrated based on data from an industry glossary and major bank annual reports. The present situation is that Mainland China and Hong Kong display both similarities and differences in their Chinese translation of financial terms. With the increasing contact since the 1997 handover, the two regions appear to have been influencing each other, especially in that Mainland China has been adopting Hong Kong's Chinese translations. In view of the fact that some translation scholars and practitioners advocate the standardisation of Chinese financial terminology in Mainland China, Hong Kong and Taiwan for the sake of better economic development, this paper outlines the main properties of the two regions' terminologies and evaluates how such standardisation might possibly proceed. Limited research has been done with regard to the translation of Chinese financial terminology and this exploratory study will fill that gap and attract similar studies in the translation and terminology fields.

Resumen: This book is a study of the major events and publications in the world of translation in China and the West from its beginning in the legendary period to 2004, with special reference to works published in Chinese and English, the two major languages in the world. To widen our horizon, events relating to translation in other parts of the world have also been incuded. This is to put translation in a global context so that we know where we stand and how we should move forward.

Resumen: Este trabajo intenta ser un aporte para una investigación intercultural. A través del proceso de aprendizaje del español por parte de estudiantes chinos, hemos podido observar aspectos propios de la relación entre su lengua y su cultura, además de cierta transformación que obró el español rioplatense y su entorno social en el pensamiento y la conducta de estos jóvenes.