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Resumen: In western translation theories, Lawrence Venuti and Eugene Nida appear to be standing at too opposing poles regarding the equivalence theory, and are notable for their prominent disagreement on the issue. Their theories diverge in their responses to equivalence, and disagree, essentially, on the functions of translation as well as the aspects of an acceptable translation. This disagreement unfolded itself clearly during a conference at Binghamton University in 1991. In this essay, I intend to juxtapose the exceptionally different theoretical approaches of these two prominent translation scholars. I also intend to show how Venuti's views on translation in practice challenges Nida's theoretical approaches to translation, and surprisingly enough his own theories particularly speaking, foreignizing and domesticating translations in which he has been extensively engaged. Finally I intend to show how Venuti's practice of translation challenges his earlier attack on Nida's conceptions of the "dynamic equivalence," "naturalness of expression" (Nida 1964: 159) and the notion of "the equivalent effect" (de Waard & Nida 1986: 9).

Resumen: "There is no Americano dream. There is only the American dream created by an Anglo-Protestant society. Mexican-Americans will share in that dream and in that society if they dream in English." (cf. Huntington 2004: 256). "Las palabras de un catedrático privilegiado de la prestigiosa Universidad de Harvard siguen resonando en la vida de Estados Unidos. Aunque el país carezca de idioma oficial a nivel federal, durante los 80 y 90 muchos estados aprobaron leyes propias que establecieron el inglés como lengua única. (...) Muchos estados próximos a México, tales como California, Nuevo México o Arizona, más temerosos de la invasión hispana, han impuesto el inglés como lengua oficial, si bien Texas no lo ha hecho."

Resumen: Translation S- and T-universals have been widely discussed in Translation Studies and their psycholinguistic study has been among the priority topics today. The article is focused on the study of translation 'S- universals' (Chesterman 2004) and is based both on the psycholinguistic model of literary translation, which combines today's neuroscience theories of cognitivism and connectionism, and on the experimental data that demonstrate its validity. The model is resulted in a series of experiments held with undergraduate students of translation department. The results of the study proved the idea of existing specific procedural and discursive S-universals in literary translation. As the empirical data showed, these universals maintain the status of common strategies depending on translator's cognitive style (analytical or synthetic) and his dominant channel (visual, auditory, kinesthetic) of source text perception.

Resumen: The aim of this study is to investigate translators' behaviors in translating fantasy fiction in Taiwan, with the help of Pierre Bourdieu's sociological model. The application of a sociological approach to translation studies allows an examination of the social and cultural nature of translation by locating this activity within a particular social structure. The investigation was conducted by employing a parallel corpus study of fantasy fiction translations: J.R.R. Tolkien's The Hobbit, C.S. Lewis's The Chronicles of Narnia, T.H. White's The Sword in the Stone and Philip Pullman's Northern Lights. Translators' textual behaviors when dealing with culture-specific items (CSIs) were analyzed. The results revealed a source-oriented tendency when translating CSIs. The evidence from the textual analysis was interpreted and discussed in terms of the interactions between the translators' collective habitus and the social determinants in the literary field in Taiwan.

Resumen: The article takes a look at the translation of children's literature intended for reading aloud. The pragmatic (or theoretical) point of departure is a 'narrative contract' between the child (audience) and the reader as in the oral tradition of yesteryear. It is therefore argued that, at least initially, children's literature for reading aloud was a continuation of the narrative tradition in the extended family adapted to the conditions and mores of the nuclear family. The nuclear family was a 19th century innovation promoted by the new middle classes, and they best carried on the narrative tradition by means of stories such as those of the brothers Grimm in Germany and Hans Christian Andersen in Denmark. Referring to an informal questionnaire among Translation Studies scholars covering eleven countries, it is concluded that the tradition of reading aloud for children is alive and well. This leads to a model for the translational situation for read-aloud literature that calls for guiding principles in the exploration of differences between 'originals' and 'translations.' Having introduced such layers, viz. the structural, the linguistic, the content and intentional ones, a paratextual and chronological layer are also called for, because of the ubiquity of modern co-prints and the need to introduce diachronic perspectives. The article discusses decision-makers in the process of translation, such as publishers and the like, and also briefly views questions of translational traditions before it discusses translations of the Grimm Tales into English and Danish, to conclude that there are two different schools of 'respectable translators,' one targeting stories for reading aloud and another for silent reading, even though the translators may not be aware of this. The final part takes up questions concerning the translation of names, rhymes, and a highly complex text which is discussed in depth. The conclusion is that translation for reading aloud is an art requiring great competence of translators. It also ought to attract more attention from Translation Studies scholars because it questions fundamentals in translation work that are also found in other types of translation.

Resumen: Linguistic expressions in every language have established patterns with meanings that can be inferred by linguistic conventions. Languages have their own norms and expressing systems that make transferred linguistic formulas seem odd. Any deviation from the established patterns can be referred to as interference. Interference in translation is the transfer of some linguistic aspect of the source text (ST) into the target text (TT). The term includes any kind of influence that is exerted by the linguistic properties of the ST on the linguistic properties of the TT. Lexical items and syntactic structures of the source language are copied into the TT, resulting in the phenomenon called 'translationese'. As a result of interference, translation has introduced a plethora of words, expressions, and constructions into Arabic, resulting in a change in modern Arabic style. One phenomenon that Arabic has witnessed in modern times is linguistic recycle. This term refers to the re-utilization of translated expressions and syntactic structures in Arabic in its intra-linguistic operation (opposed to the inter-linguistic event of translation). The language community has been using these translation-introduced formulations although they do not conform to the canonical patterns of Arabic. Being unaware of this fact, speakers of Arabic use the translation-introduced expressions and constructions instead of the native ones although they have at their disposal a variety of formulations to express the same ideas. Linguistic recycle can be categorized into the three areas of lexis, syntax, and culture. Using a contrastive approach, the paper investigates the areas of lexis and syntax, demonstrating the pervasiveness of this phenomenon and its impact on Arabic. Corpora of Arabic have been used to detect and verify occurrences of expressions and structures.

Resumen: In this study we use a translation corpus of English novels translated into two closely related Celtic languages, Welsh and Breton, as one way of shedding light on the extent to which languages can influence each other over time: Welsh has a long history of contact with English, and Breton with French. Ever since the work of Leonard Talmy (1991, 2000 etc.), linguists have recognized that languages fall into a small number of types with respect to how they prefer to talk about motion events. English is a good exemplar of the satellite-framed type, whereas French exemplifies the verb-framed type. Translation scholars have observed that translating between languages of two different types raises interesting questions (Slobin 2005b, Cappelle 2012), and the topic is also of interest from the perspective of language contact: is it possible for a language of one type, in a situation of prolonged and intense bilingualism with a language of another type, to be influenced or perhaps even to change its own rhetorical preferences? The translation corpus provides a body of data which holds constant the starting point - the cue in each case was an English motion event in the source text. We do indeed find that Welsh and Breton have diverged in important ways in terms of their preferences for encoding motion events: Breton is revealed to have moved significantly in the direction of French with respect to these preferences.

Resumen: Translation is an interdisciplinary activity in which translators must consider all aspects of the text being translated, including both psychology and ideology. They must also view translation as a complex process that spans linguistic, cultural, economic, and ideological factors, analysing intricate issues that usually lie at the boundaries of languages, cultures, and societies. This paper examines the challenges inherent in translating the sociolinguistic aspects of Thartharah fawq al-Nil (1966), published in English as "Adrift on the Nile" (1993) - challenges that include drug addicts' slang and jargon, register, and figurative language. The specific objective is to identify error patterns produced by the translator and to analyse these errors quantitatively and qualitatively, assessing their negative impact on the reader and suggesting possible solutions. "Adrift on the Nile" is an important novel in an exceptional period of modern Egyptian history, and is regarded by many critics as "one of the richest essays on symbolism" (Allen 1982:?145). This paper calls for adopting a more sociolinguistic perspective when translating unique texts overloaded with cultural and socio-political meanings.

Resumen: This study used the thinking-aloud method to investigate the working processes of translating an expository from english to Chinese. Five translation students and five translation expert participated in this study. They were asked to translate a paragraph of expository text in a published book and verbalized their thoughts while translating the text from English into Chinese. This paper reports and discusses some results af the in-progress date analysis of the study. After studying the cognitive moves present in the expert and the novice translating processes, differences were found between the students and the experts in terms of outside resourses, negotation of competing pressures, etc. The study is significant in identifying the key elements and strategies that characterize expert working processes, which in turn will shed lights on translator and teaching. This study in another step forward from my previous study of investigating the cognitive processes of translating. The reason for adding this dimension of expert vs. novice comparison is primarily pedagogical. If differences were indeed found between experts and novices, such information could be used to develop pedagogical tools for translation students. In this way, the experts can set a model for the students not only in what they can produce in translation but also how they have produced such translation. In other words, it can provide a source for cognitive apprenticeship, which may affect students beyond the limits of the conventional teaching method of having students study "good" translated texts. Second, by looking al how experts and students might use certain skiils diferently, it is possible to identify some feautures that exclusively characterize experts and that may be teachable but not yet taught explicitly to students. In short, the expert-novice comparision would have much to offer to translation instruction in terms of both what to teach and how to teach.

Resumen: Ideology is a major issue in Translation Studies. With a case study of the Chinese translations of English news headlines concerning the South China Sea disputes on the website of www.ftchinese.com, this paper attempts to provide insights into the translation of ideologies in news in the Chinese context. In the theoretical framework of critical discourse analysis, the ideological factors underlying the disparity between the English news headlines and their Chinese translations are explored. The three-dimensional model of analysis put forward by Fairclough is modified and adopted in this paper as the basic steps of analysis: firstly, describe the differences between the original and their translations; secondly, associate them with the social reality; finally, account for those differences. In addition, to demonstrate how translators maneuvered to reach a compromise with the antagonistic ideologies which may set difficulties either for the news to win the acceptance of Chinese online readers or pass the Chinese government censorship, this paper offers an analysis of the translation strategies adopted in those Chinese translations, such as substitution, omission as well as the more subtle strategies, including changes of modality and actor. It is found that in the Chinese translations of the English news headlines, translators' priority is on producing translations suitable to target readers and censors' ideology, rather than linguistic equivalents. Therefore, translating ideology-loaded texts adds a new way to understand translation and ideological explorations in Translation Studies have great potentials.

Resumen: El autor cuenta su primer acercamiento a la literatura de Nuria Amat, escritora catalana, a través de las páginas del Times Literary Supplement. Analiza e a la autora a través de la tradución de sus obras y se detiene en el análisis de sus "Poemas impuros".

Resumen: La traducción a la vista ha sido estudiada desde distintos enfoques. En este trabajo se realiza una revisión bibliográfica con las aportaciones más relevantes sobre esta modalidad de traducción. Se ha estudiado como proceso, como producto, como herramienta didáctica en traducción e interpretación y aprendizaje de lenguas y como modalidad profesional de traducción.

Resumen: La traducción jurídica implica no solo el traspaso de un texto de una lengua a otra, sino también y esencialmente, de un sistema jurídico a otro. Este principio, que no por repetido es menos cierto, debe guiar el trabajo de todo traductor de textos jurídicos. Cuando éste traduce, se enfrenta con una doble tarea: la traducción, que podríamos denominar "general", del texto, y la traducción específica de los términos técnicos que éste contiene. Para la primera, el traductor debe contar con un sólido conocimiento tanto de la lengua del texto original como de aquella a la cual traducirá..

Resumen: The transfer of offensive and taboo language in subtitling may position translators' choices in a challenging and controversial situation, given the effect that such terms can cause on the audience (Díaz Cintas 2001a). Nowadays, it seems that dealing with this type of language starts to gain more attention in academic circles, as it belongs to colloquial language within a low register, and as such we do speak in diverse manners depending on the context we are in. This paper delves into the way offensive and taboo language has been subtitled into European Spanish. In order to conduct this study, the subtitling of the DVD version of Quentin Tarantino's multilingual film Inglourious Basterds (2009) has been described and analyzed, resorting to a multi-strategy design (Robson 2011) which combines quantitative with qualitative data, under the umbrella of the descriptive translation studies paradigm. Accordingly, the main purpose of this analysis is to determine any regularities in the way in which offensive and taboo language has been dealt with in this particular case study, considering the technological restrictions of subtitling as well as the translational strategies employed. Thus, this study aims to shed some light on the way this type of language has been transferred on the screen.

Resumen: Phraseological Units rank high among the most complex linguistic segments for translators, whether because of their figurative nature, their culturally specific meaning or their pragmatic peculiarities. Such difficulties increase exponentially when PUs are expressed in a multimodal fictional environment, especially if the situated meaning of the unit relies on visual elements for its correct interpretation: the so-called visual phraseological units (PUs). In these cases, the literal wording of a PU is portrayed physically, thus making both the phraseological and literal meanings overlap. These visual PUs have progressively become a common device in TV programs such as sitcoms and cartoon series - this paper, in particular, uses the case-study of the well-known American cartoon series The Simpsons. However, their ubiquity has not triggered a comparable scholarly response, either from the field of phraseology or from that of translation studies, with some notable exceptions. The combination of a limited theoretical framework and the inherent traductological obstacles these units pose accounts for the poor or, at times, non-existent solutions when it comes to rendering them in other languages. The purpose of this paper is to analyse the felicity of the Spanish translations of visual PUs appearing in The Simpsons. Some tentative traductological solutions will also be provided alongside the inevitable shortcomings of the target language versions, in an attempt to provide practical ground with which to foster further research on the question.

Resumen: If one is to draw up, in order of usage frequency, a list of words whose authority has most often been invoked in translation studies during the past decades, idomestication/i and iforeignizing/i will most likely appear at the top. When they were first coined or given their new isignifia/i, these words may well have been applicable to the approaches or strategies used by certain translators in certain periods, certain cultures, or certain parts of the world. One should not, however, be misled into thinking that they are applicable to all translators or all translations, for, apart from the "domesticating" and "foreignizing" approaches or strategies, there is a wide range of other possibilities into which the vast majority of translations can fall, and to which the concepts of "domestication" and "foreignizing" do not apply.pThis paper looks at iMonkey/i, Arthur Waley's English translation of the classical Chinese novel Xi you ji (Journey to the West), and shows how the above-mentioned concepts are not universally relevant, and how the translator, as an empathic and creative mediator, moves freely between the source language / culture and the target language / culture to seek the golden mean with respect to the effectiveness of the translation in artistic and communicative terms, neither "domesticating" nor "foreignizing."

Resumen: La traducción de un texto literario escrito por un autor tan consciente del discurso como lo era Borges, requiere por parte del traductor un análisis especialmente riguroso de ese texto y de los procesos implicados en su lectura. La traducción de "Las ruinas circulares" por James Irby es una lograda versión del original centrada en el texto, aunque su decisión de no hacer una traducción centrada en el lector es contraria al propósito comunicativo perseguido por Borges en el original. Esto se pone de manifiesto gracias al uso de herramientas proporcionadas por el análisis del discurso en la realización de este ejercicio de crítica de traducción.

Resumen: This empirical-experimental study focuses on the processing of metaphorical expressions in sight translation (STR), a particular branch of interpreting. In order to test whether linguistic metaphors pose cognitive challenges for sight translators, we designed a within-subject experiment with 30 undergraduate taking an intermediate-level interpreting course at a Chinese university. Three streams of data, namely processing times, translation quality assessments, questionnaires and retrospective interviews, were collected and analysed for triangulation purposes.pThe results showed that metaphorical expressions took more time to process, and their presence resulted in more translation failures. In other words, the inclusion of linguistic metaphors slowed down the speed of production and compromised the quality of translation, meaning that the STR of metaphors requires more effort than for their literal counterparts. The results also suggested that the extra effort was mainly invested in the reading phase, rather than in the production phase. The data revealed that mistranslations resulting from incomplete understanding, and the ensuing imbalance in the allocation of processing capacity between the reading and production tasks, far outnumbered those resulting from the failure to find appropriate target-language terms. By adopting STR as the vehicle for examining metaphorical expressions, this study also shed some light on how metaphors are processed in a bilingual environment.

Resumen: Although fuzziness is one of the innate characteristics of language, shared by both Chinese and English, there do exist apparent differentiations between them as far as their roles in aesthetic-effect-generating, representation mode, application field suitability and aesthetic impact are concerned, which has remained a great challenge and regret in either English to Chinese (E-C) or Chinese to English (C-E) translation, particularly in the latter. It's no exaggeration to say that translation is a profession with no lack of regret and translators are professional regret-tasters. The most impressive regret in C-E translation might lie in the fact that the talent and capability of the translators is painfully restricted in reproducing and conveying the aesthetic effect of Chinese fuzzy expressions. As an artistically conceived language, Chinese invites macro-induction in terms of linguistic features while English, being logic-oriented, analysis-based and hypotaxis-dependent, is largely ignorant of what is called macro-induction. Hence abundant aesthetic genius of Chinese fuzzy expressions can hardly find its way into the English version. It can be said that generally the process of C-E translation is one of complementing continuously "meaning blank", of changing "indeterminacy of meaning" into "determinacy of meaning", with the E-C translation as the opposite. Many language problems in communication are essentially closely related to nationality psychologic archetype complex, which may be a significant try in translation study.

Resumen: This paper describes how mediation in translation is realized by means of inclusion and exclusion of information at the selection stage and discursive deviations at the presentation stage in the process of target text production. It discusses the effect of mediation in relation to two types of the target text recipients, one is termed professional readers representing the censoring authorities and the other the intended reading public, and their respective socio-cultural backgrounds. Our argument in this paper is that an investigation of translation from the perspective of mediation helps reveal the power struggle underlying the translation process. The detailed description of the textual realization of mediation, in particular, helps create an awareness of the various ways the target text producer may take to mediate the translation process to achieve a compromise between the author's interests and the professional readers' political concerns so as to get the translation published.

Resumen: Despite the fact that translation teaching research has been gaining momentum over the last two decades, little has been written and therefore known about translation assessment in the teaching context. This article reports on a data-based empirical study of translation testing in China. The issues raised in it range from teachers’ attitudes towards testing to its objectives, design, contents, frequency, and its pedagogical roles. It is suggested that more research be done on translation testing, of which the first task is to develop a theoretical framework to provide guidance for translation testing practice and research. It is further recommended that translation testing be made more teaching-oriented and brought closer to the real world of professional translation.

Resumen: El objetivo del presente artículo es mostrar la pertinencia de la llamada Lingüística Aplicada a la traducción como material de apoyo tanto para el estudio de la traducción en tanto que actividad profesional como para determinados aspectos relacionados con su docencia.

Resumen: En The Lord of the Rings J. R. R. Tolkien propone su "tesis lingüística" acerca de la distribución de dialectos y cronolectos en Tierra Media. Para ello, recurre a su educación filosófica y provee una descripción holística de lso fenómenos de evolución lingüística y de los procesos de formación y derivación dialectales. En la traducción al castellano de la editorial Minotauro, y la única oficialmente disponible hasta el momento en todo el mundohispanohablante, la "tesis" se encuentra "silenciada". Esta ausencia impacta inevitablemente en la configuración de la poética autoral entre los consumidores de la versión castellana de la trilogía.

Resumen: This paper addresses the problem of linguistic and cultural differences in literary translation, and more specifically in the translation of poetry. It examines a key concept in postmodernism: "the other", and its relationship with translation studies. This study aims to investigate the translation of the "other" in literature, and how this is assimilated/domesticated or made foreign/exotic in poetic translation. In other words, it probes the translation of ppoetry of SL-culture and TL-culture orientation. Toachieve this, various versions of Arabic translation of Shakespeare's sonnet 18 "Shall I compare thee to a summer's day" are examined. An analytical comparative method is used.

Resumen: In any study of translations one must first decide what is to be counted as a "translation" and how such things are to be found, usually through recourse to bibliographical databases. We propose that, starting from the maximalist view that translations are potentially everywhere, various distribution processes impose a series of selective filters thanks to which some translations are more easily identified and accessible than others. The study of translation must be aware of these prior filters, and must know how to account for them, and sometimes how to overcome them. Research processes then necessarily impose their own selective filters, which may reduce or extend the number and kinds of translations given by prior filters. We present three research projects where the play of prior and research filters is very different. For one-off large-scale relational hypotheses, the Index Translationum is found to be relatively cost-efficient. For more detailed objects such as translation flows from Spanish into French in a specific period, a book-industry database offers significant advantages. And for a study marked by a paucity of texts, as is the case of translation from Korean into English following the Korean War, a combination of databases is necessary, the most useful turning out to be Amazon.

Resumen: Film translation in China began as early as 1949 and has been developing very fast. This article aims at providing an overview of the current situation of film translation in China and explores the two major types of English-Chinese film translation: dubbing and subtitling. Therefore, it can be roughly divided into two parts. The first part constitutes a general background for the study of film translation. The author of this article first discusses film's origin and nature, the features of film language and the classification of film translation. Of the four categories of film translation (subtitling, lip-sync dubbing, narration, and free-commentary), dubbing and subtitling are the main forms used in China. Then the differences between the two types and social preference for them are analyzed. The author also presents a summary of film translation's development and current studies on this topic. The second part probes into the details of dubbing and subtitling. This article investigates the features and technical constraints of dubbing and subtitling. The main techniques adopted in practice are illustrated through specific examples. Both forms have their relative advantages and disadvantages. In subtitling, standardization and simplification are its two important techniques. Standardization is concerned with the transfer of text mode - from spoken text to written text, while simplification is related to the technical constraints in subtitling, namely spatial and temporal constraints. In dubbing, the translator should make his translation fit into the pictures and synchronize the lines and the pictures, so lip synchronization, gestures and pauses are the major constraints in dubbing. As the two main forms of film translation in China, dubbing and subtitling coexist and compete with each other in the market.

Resumen: The present study aims to shed light on the notion of manipulation in the process of translating. It explores the manipulative side of translation and its possible impacts and effects on the meaning and effect intended by the ST.Translated transcript of a speech delivered by Al-Qaeda leader Osama bin Laden on the 29th of October 2004 is studied. The speech was broadcasted on Aljazeera Arabic News Channel and translated by various governmental and non-governmental organisations (bin-Laden 2004); however, this study analyses CNN's translation and considers it as a TT.The study adopts Juliane House's revised model of translation evaluation as it provides for the analysis and comparison of original text and its translation at four different levels: Language/Text, Register (Field, Mode and Tenor), Genre, and Function (House 1997).

Resumen: This article throws some light on the problems syntactically-complex sentences posit to Arab translation students. Despite its importance, this problem has been almost ingored by translation teachers, authors and researchers. To spell out the nature and volume of the problem, an empirical study was carried out on ten Arab students majoring in English language and translation.

Resumen: One of the urgent issues in translation studies is how to identify a good translation, which is inevitably related to its assessment. Various approaches have been introduced to deal with these issues, and while all of them should be considered as important variables, it would be impossible to use all of them in developing an assessment method, which can be applied to all types of translation. Under these circumstances, this paper is designed to show the procedure of the development of an error typology to assess translations from English into Korean for students in translation programs. To do this, studies done in translation assessment and error typologies until now have been presented, and an error typology consisting of four categories: (a) causes of errors, (b) types of errors; (c) results of errors; (d) significance of errors has been developed. Since it is an on-going project, the next step will be to apply it to data to verify its effectiveness.

Resumen: The complex variables involved in mediating between asymmetrical legal realities explain, to a great extent, the limitations of traditional terminological resources (particularly, bilingual legal dictionaries) as working tools for legal translators. After a brief review of these limitations, a new approach to the development of terminological resources is presented that responds to the real needs of legal translators and draws on advances in Legal Translation Studies. This change of paradigm is illustrated by a terminological database designed for the English-Spanish translation of technological law, more precisely, for the localization of software license agreements (mostly from the United States) for Spain. The lexicographical work is contextualized, and the features and advantages of the proposed terminological entries are described in detail. These entries are called "translation-oriented terminological entries" (fichas traductológicas) because of their distinctive translation dimension, particularly the inclusion of comments on the acceptability of terminological options on the basis of comparative legal analysis in different translation scenarios. This aspect greatly contributes to the added value of the approach, which is intended as a model for similar applications in legal translation.