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Resumen: In western translation theories, Lawrence Venuti and Eugene Nida appear to be standing at too opposing poles regarding the equivalence theory, and are notable for their prominent disagreement on the issue. Their theories diverge in their responses to equivalence, and disagree, essentially, on the functions of translation as well as the aspects of an acceptable translation. This disagreement unfolded itself clearly during a conference at Binghamton University in 1991. In this essay, I intend to juxtapose the exceptionally different theoretical approaches of these two prominent translation scholars. I also intend to show how Venuti's views on translation in practice challenges Nida's theoretical approaches to translation, and surprisingly enough his own theories particularly speaking, foreignizing and domesticating translations in which he has been extensively engaged. Finally I intend to show how Venuti's practice of translation challenges his earlier attack on Nida's conceptions of the "dynamic equivalence," "naturalness of expression" (Nida 1964: 159) and the notion of "the equivalent effect" (de Waard & Nida 1986: 9).

Resumen: "There is no Americano dream. There is only the American dream created by an Anglo-Protestant society. Mexican-Americans will share in that dream and in that society if they dream in English." (cf. Huntington 2004: 256). "Las palabras de un catedrático privilegiado de la prestigiosa Universidad de Harvard siguen resonando en la vida de Estados Unidos. Aunque el país carezca de idioma oficial a nivel federal, durante los 80 y 90 muchos estados aprobaron leyes propias que establecieron el inglés como lengua única. (...) Muchos estados próximos a México, tales como California, Nuevo México o Arizona, más temerosos de la invasión hispana, han impuesto el inglés como lengua oficial, si bien Texas no lo ha hecho."

Resumen: Translation S- and T-universals have been widely discussed in Translation Studies and their psycholinguistic study has been among the priority topics today. The article is focused on the study of translation 'S- universals' (Chesterman 2004) and is based both on the psycholinguistic model of literary translation, which combines today's neuroscience theories of cognitivism and connectionism, and on the experimental data that demonstrate its validity. The model is resulted in a series of experiments held with undergraduate students of translation department. The results of the study proved the idea of existing specific procedural and discursive S-universals in literary translation. As the empirical data showed, these universals maintain the status of common strategies depending on translator's cognitive style (analytical or synthetic) and his dominant channel (visual, auditory, kinesthetic) of source text perception.

Resumen: The aim of this study is to investigate translators' behaviors in translating fantasy fiction in Taiwan, with the help of Pierre Bourdieu's sociological model. The application of a sociological approach to translation studies allows an examination of the social and cultural nature of translation by locating this activity within a particular social structure. The investigation was conducted by employing a parallel corpus study of fantasy fiction translations: J.R.R. Tolkien's The Hobbit, C.S. Lewis's The Chronicles of Narnia, T.H. White's The Sword in the Stone and Philip Pullman's Northern Lights. Translators' textual behaviors when dealing with culture-specific items (CSIs) were analyzed. The results revealed a source-oriented tendency when translating CSIs. The evidence from the textual analysis was interpreted and discussed in terms of the interactions between the translators' collective habitus and the social determinants in the literary field in Taiwan.

Resumen: Translation Studies presents an integrated concept based on the theory and practice of translation. The author adapts linguistic approaches and methods in such a way that they may be usefully employed in the theory, practice, and analysis of literary translation. The author develops a more cultural approach through text analysis and cross-cultural communication studies. The book is a contribution to the development of translation studies as a discipline in its own right.

Resumen: Susan Bassnett traces the history of translation, examining the ways translation is currently utilized as a burgeoning interdisciplinary activity and extending her analysis into developing areas such as developing technologies and new media forms. Translation Studies displays the importance of translation across disciplines.

Resumen: This is a completely revised and updated version of one of the standard works on translation theory. The original model was one of the first attempts to apply pragmatic theories of language use to the assessment of translation quality. This pragmatic perspective is now enriched in the light of research into the interdependency of lenguage, situation and culture. Specifically, issues of culture-specific discourse behaviour modes, value-systems and perspectives are confronted with the demands of intelcultural communication imposed by the translational task. In the light of detailed contrastive studies of the language-pair German and English, the author illustrates the workings of a so-called "cultural filter" in different types of text under different conditions. In the light of these findings, the notions of "covert" and "overt" translation and their appropriacy under different social constraints are radically revised. The new model for the analysis of source text and translation is applied to a corpus of German-English English-German translations.

Resumen: The notion of systems has helped revolutionize translation studies since the 1970s. As a key part of many descriptive approaches, it has broken with the prescriptive focus on what translation should be, encouraging researchers to ask what translation does in specific cultural settings. From his privileged position as a direct participant in these developments, Theo Hermans explains how contemporary descriptive approaches came about, what the basic ideas were, and how those ideas have evolved over time. His discussion addresses the fundamental problems of translation norms, equivalence, polysystems and social systems, covering not only the work of Levý, Holmes, Even-Zohar, Toury, Lefevere, Lambert, Van Leuven-Zwart, Dhulst and others, but also giving special attention to recent contributions derived from Pierre Bourdieu and Niklas Luhmann. An added focus on practical questions of how to investigate translation (problems of definition, description, assessment of readerships, etc.)

Resumen: The article takes a look at the translation of children's literature intended for reading aloud. The pragmatic (or theoretical) point of departure is a 'narrative contract' between the child (audience) and the reader as in the oral tradition of yesteryear. It is therefore argued that, at least initially, children's literature for reading aloud was a continuation of the narrative tradition in the extended family adapted to the conditions and mores of the nuclear family. The nuclear family was a 19th century innovation promoted by the new middle classes, and they best carried on the narrative tradition by means of stories such as those of the brothers Grimm in Germany and Hans Christian Andersen in Denmark. Referring to an informal questionnaire among Translation Studies scholars covering eleven countries, it is concluded that the tradition of reading aloud for children is alive and well. This leads to a model for the translational situation for read-aloud literature that calls for guiding principles in the exploration of differences between 'originals' and 'translations.' Having introduced such layers, viz. the structural, the linguistic, the content and intentional ones, a paratextual and chronological layer are also called for, because of the ubiquity of modern co-prints and the need to introduce diachronic perspectives. The article discusses decision-makers in the process of translation, such as publishers and the like, and also briefly views questions of translational traditions before it discusses translations of the Grimm Tales into English and Danish, to conclude that there are two different schools of 'respectable translators,' one targeting stories for reading aloud and another for silent reading, even though the translators may not be aware of this. The final part takes up questions concerning the translation of names, rhymes, and a highly complex text which is discussed in depth. The conclusion is that translation for reading aloud is an art requiring great competence of translators. It also ought to attract more attention from Translation Studies scholars because it questions fundamentals in translation work that are also found in other types of translation.

Resumen: Linguistic expressions in every language have established patterns with meanings that can be inferred by linguistic conventions. Languages have their own norms and expressing systems that make transferred linguistic formulas seem odd. Any deviation from the established patterns can be referred to as interference. Interference in translation is the transfer of some linguistic aspect of the source text (ST) into the target text (TT). The term includes any kind of influence that is exerted by the linguistic properties of the ST on the linguistic properties of the TT. Lexical items and syntactic structures of the source language are copied into the TT, resulting in the phenomenon called 'translationese'. As a result of interference, translation has introduced a plethora of words, expressions, and constructions into Arabic, resulting in a change in modern Arabic style. One phenomenon that Arabic has witnessed in modern times is linguistic recycle. This term refers to the re-utilization of translated expressions and syntactic structures in Arabic in its intra-linguistic operation (opposed to the inter-linguistic event of translation). The language community has been using these translation-introduced formulations although they do not conform to the canonical patterns of Arabic. Being unaware of this fact, speakers of Arabic use the translation-introduced expressions and constructions instead of the native ones although they have at their disposal a variety of formulations to express the same ideas. Linguistic recycle can be categorized into the three areas of lexis, syntax, and culture. Using a contrastive approach, the paper investigates the areas of lexis and syntax, demonstrating the pervasiveness of this phenomenon and its impact on Arabic. Corpora of Arabic have been used to detect and verify occurrences of expressions and structures.

Resumen: In this study we use a translation corpus of English novels translated into two closely related Celtic languages, Welsh and Breton, as one way of shedding light on the extent to which languages can influence each other over time: Welsh has a long history of contact with English, and Breton with French. Ever since the work of Leonard Talmy (1991, 2000 etc.), linguists have recognized that languages fall into a small number of types with respect to how they prefer to talk about motion events. English is a good exemplar of the satellite-framed type, whereas French exemplifies the verb-framed type. Translation scholars have observed that translating between languages of two different types raises interesting questions (Slobin 2005b, Cappelle 2012), and the topic is also of interest from the perspective of language contact: is it possible for a language of one type, in a situation of prolonged and intense bilingualism with a language of another type, to be influenced or perhaps even to change its own rhetorical preferences? The translation corpus provides a body of data which holds constant the starting point - the cue in each case was an English motion event in the source text. We do indeed find that Welsh and Breton have diverged in important ways in terms of their preferences for encoding motion events: Breton is revealed to have moved significantly in the direction of French with respect to these preferences.

Resumen: This guide presents readers with an accessible and engaging introduction to the valuable position translation holds within literature and society. Leading translation theorist, Susan Bassnett traces the history of translation, examining the ways translation is currently utilised as a burgeoning interdisciplinary activity and considers more recent research into developing technologies and new media forms. Translation displays the importance of translation across disciplines, and is essential reading for students and scholars of translation, literary studies, globalisation studies, and ancient and modern languages.

Resumen: Translation is an interdisciplinary activity in which translators must consider all aspects of the text being translated, including both psychology and ideology. They must also view translation as a complex process that spans linguistic, cultural, economic, and ideological factors, analysing intricate issues that usually lie at the boundaries of languages, cultures, and societies. This paper examines the challenges inherent in translating the sociolinguistic aspects of Thartharah fawq al-Nil (1966), published in English as "Adrift on the Nile" (1993) - challenges that include drug addicts' slang and jargon, register, and figurative language. The specific objective is to identify error patterns produced by the translator and to analyse these errors quantitatively and qualitatively, assessing their negative impact on the reader and suggesting possible solutions. "Adrift on the Nile" is an important novel in an exceptional period of modern Egyptian history, and is regarded by many critics as "one of the richest essays on symbolism" (Allen 1982:?145). This paper calls for adopting a more sociolinguistic perspective when translating unique texts overloaded with cultural and socio-political meanings.

Resumen: This study used the thinking-aloud method to investigate the working processes of translating an expository from english to Chinese. Five translation students and five translation expert participated in this study. They were asked to translate a paragraph of expository text in a published book and verbalized their thoughts while translating the text from English into Chinese. This paper reports and discusses some results af the in-progress date analysis of the study. After studying the cognitive moves present in the expert and the novice translating processes, differences were found between the students and the experts in terms of outside resourses, negotation of competing pressures, etc. The study is significant in identifying the key elements and strategies that characterize expert working processes, which in turn will shed lights on translator and teaching. This study in another step forward from my previous study of investigating the cognitive processes of translating. The reason for adding this dimension of expert vs. novice comparison is primarily pedagogical. If differences were indeed found between experts and novices, such information could be used to develop pedagogical tools for translation students. In this way, the experts can set a model for the students not only in what they can produce in translation but also how they have produced such translation. In other words, it can provide a source for cognitive apprenticeship, which may affect students beyond the limits of the conventional teaching method of having students study "good" translated texts. Second, by looking al how experts and students might use certain skiils diferently, it is possible to identify some feautures that exclusively characterize experts and that may be teachable but not yet taught explicitly to students. In short, the expert-novice comparision would have much to offer to translation instruction in terms of both what to teach and how to teach.

Resumen: Ideology is a major issue in Translation Studies. With a case study of the Chinese translations of English news headlines concerning the South China Sea disputes on the website of www.ftchinese.com, this paper attempts to provide insights into the translation of ideologies in news in the Chinese context. In the theoretical framework of critical discourse analysis, the ideological factors underlying the disparity between the English news headlines and their Chinese translations are explored. The three-dimensional model of analysis put forward by Fairclough is modified and adopted in this paper as the basic steps of analysis: firstly, describe the differences between the original and their translations; secondly, associate them with the social reality; finally, account for those differences. In addition, to demonstrate how translators maneuvered to reach a compromise with the antagonistic ideologies which may set difficulties either for the news to win the acceptance of Chinese online readers or pass the Chinese government censorship, this paper offers an analysis of the translation strategies adopted in those Chinese translations, such as substitution, omission as well as the more subtle strategies, including changes of modality and actor. It is found that in the Chinese translations of the English news headlines, translators' priority is on producing translations suitable to target readers and censors' ideology, rather than linguistic equivalents. Therefore, translating ideology-loaded texts adds a new way to understand translation and ideological explorations in Translation Studies have great potentials.

Resumen: PARTE PRIMERA: capítulo I. Introducción; capítulo II. Europa ante la aparición del cine sonoro; capítulo III. España frente al cine sonoro; capítulo IV. La política de traducción cinematográfica en España. SEGUNDA PARTE: capítulo V. Metodología de análisis de la traducción audiovisual; capítulo VI. Análisis de Sangre y Arena: Normas de traducción; capítulo VII. Conclusiones. Informe. Anexo.

Resumen: Esta obra ofrece una visión de conjunto de los aspectos teóricos más relevantes en la Traductología contemporánea sin perder de vista el objeto principal de su estudio: la elaboración, a partir de un original, de un nuevo texto que está motivado y determinado por circunstancias culturales distintas a las de origen. Partiendo sobre todo de la traducción del inglés al español, aunque con ejemplos tomados de otras lenguas como el árabe y el catalán, el autor recorre la evolución de los estudios de traducción en los últimos años y aborda el proceso de traducir desde cuatro vertientes complementarias que convergen en la cuestión de fondo: el paso de cierta información de una cultura a otra y la transformación que experimenta.

Resumen: El autor cuenta su primer acercamiento a la literatura de Nuria Amat, escritora catalana, a través de las páginas del Times Literary Supplement. Analiza e a la autora a través de la tradución de sus obras y se detiene en el análisis de sus "Poemas impuros".

Resumen: El objetivo principal de este trabajo es demostrar que es posible evitar los anglicismos morfosintácticos (estructuras ajenas a la morfosintaxis española muy frecuentes en los manuales teóricos por las transferencias del original) y mejorar notablemente, en consecuencia, la calidad de la versión traducida. Se trata, pues, de un estudio basado en el texto meta y dirigido a estudiandtes de la traducción, filología, inglés técnico, inglés científico, traductores profesionales y lingüistas. En definitiva, se espera que este libro contribuya a facilitar el proceso de búsqueda de las distintas posibilidades que ofrece la lengua española para la traducción de la morfosintaxis inglesa, esto es, las alternativas estilísticas necesarias para lograr que el texto definitivo resulte natural y alejado del llamado español de traducción.

Resumen: La traducción a la vista ha sido estudiada desde distintos enfoques. En este trabajo se realiza una revisión bibliográfica con las aportaciones más relevantes sobre esta modalidad de traducción. Se ha estudiado como proceso, como producto, como herramienta didáctica en traducción e interpretación y aprendizaje de lenguas y como modalidad profesional de traducción.

Resumen: La traducción jurídica implica no solo el traspaso de un texto de una lengua a otra, sino también y esencialmente, de un sistema jurídico a otro. Este principio, que no por repetido es menos cierto, debe guiar el trabajo de todo traductor de textos jurídicos. Cuando éste traduce, se enfrenta con una doble tarea: la traducción, que podríamos denominar "general", del texto, y la traducción específica de los términos técnicos que éste contiene. Para la primera, el traductor debe contar con un sólido conocimiento tanto de la lengua del texto original como de aquella a la cual traducirá..

Resumen: Part 1 of the study presents the theoretical framework on which the model is based, and surveys the various concepts of translation theory and text linguistics. Part 2 describes the role and scope of source-text analysis in the translation process and explains why the model is relevant to translation. Part 3 presents a detailed study of the extratextual and intratextual factors and their interaction in the text, using numerous examples from all areas of professional translation. Part 4 discusses the applications of the model to translator training, placing particular emphasis on the selection of material for translation classes, grading the difficulty of translation tasks, and translation quality assessment. The book concludes with the practical analysis of a number of texts and their translations, taking into account various text types and several languages (German, English, Spanish, French, Italian, Portuguese, and Dutch).

Resumen: A volume highlighting the links between lexicography, terminology, language for special purposes (LSP) and translation and Machine Translation, that constitute the domain of Language Engineering. Part I: Terminology and Lexicography. Takes us through terminological problems and solutions in Europe, the former Soviet Union and Egypt. Part II focuses on LSP for second language learners and lexical analysis. Part III treats translator training in a historical context, as well as new methods from cognitive and corpus linguistics. Part IV is about the application of language engineering in Machine Translation, corpus linguistics and multilingual text generation.

Resumen: The transfer of offensive and taboo language in subtitling may position translators' choices in a challenging and controversial situation, given the effect that such terms can cause on the audience (Díaz Cintas 2001a). Nowadays, it seems that dealing with this type of language starts to gain more attention in academic circles, as it belongs to colloquial language within a low register, and as such we do speak in diverse manners depending on the context we are in. This paper delves into the way offensive and taboo language has been subtitled into European Spanish. In order to conduct this study, the subtitling of the DVD version of Quentin Tarantino's multilingual film Inglourious Basterds (2009) has been described and analyzed, resorting to a multi-strategy design (Robson 2011) which combines quantitative with qualitative data, under the umbrella of the descriptive translation studies paradigm. Accordingly, the main purpose of this analysis is to determine any regularities in the way in which offensive and taboo language has been dealt with in this particular case study, considering the technological restrictions of subtitling as well as the translational strategies employed. Thus, this study aims to shed some light on the way this type of language has been transferred on the screen.

Resumen: Este estudio pretende hacer hincapié en los mecanismos idiomáticos y los procedimientos de creación léxica más peculiares de la novela "Filth", de Irvine Welsh. Partiendo de su traducción al español ("Escoria") llevada a cabo por Federico Corriente, se pone de relieve la dificultad que entraña el trasvase intralingüístico de los juegos de palabras, los modismos, las metáforas, y las expresiones rimadas, ya que se trata de elementos creativos generalmente ligados a un entorno sociocultural concreto. El análisis de la autora aporta valiosos datos sobre las tareas que requiere el proceso de traducción y sobre la importancia del léxico como marcador social y como recurso para la creación del humor en el discurso literario.

Resumen: Phraseological Units rank high among the most complex linguistic segments for translators, whether because of their figurative nature, their culturally specific meaning or their pragmatic peculiarities. Such difficulties increase exponentially when PUs are expressed in a multimodal fictional environment, especially if the situated meaning of the unit relies on visual elements for its correct interpretation: the so-called visual phraseological units (PUs). In these cases, the literal wording of a PU is portrayed physically, thus making both the phraseological and literal meanings overlap. These visual PUs have progressively become a common device in TV programs such as sitcoms and cartoon series - this paper, in particular, uses the case-study of the well-known American cartoon series The Simpsons. However, their ubiquity has not triggered a comparable scholarly response, either from the field of phraseology or from that of translation studies, with some notable exceptions. The combination of a limited theoretical framework and the inherent traductological obstacles these units pose accounts for the poor or, at times, non-existent solutions when it comes to rendering them in other languages. The purpose of this paper is to analyse the felicity of the Spanish translations of visual PUs appearing in The Simpsons. Some tentative traductological solutions will also be provided alongside the inevitable shortcomings of the target language versions, in an attempt to provide practical ground with which to foster further research on the question.

Resumen: If one is to draw up, in order of usage frequency, a list of words whose authority has most often been invoked in translation studies during the past decades, idomestication/i and iforeignizing/i will most likely appear at the top. When they were first coined or given their new isignifia/i, these words may well have been applicable to the approaches or strategies used by certain translators in certain periods, certain cultures, or certain parts of the world. One should not, however, be misled into thinking that they are applicable to all translators or all translations, for, apart from the "domesticating" and "foreignizing" approaches or strategies, there is a wide range of other possibilities into which the vast majority of translations can fall, and to which the concepts of "domestication" and "foreignizing" do not apply.pThis paper looks at iMonkey/i, Arthur Waley's English translation of the classical Chinese novel Xi you ji (Journey to the West), and shows how the above-mentioned concepts are not universally relevant, and how the translator, as an empathic and creative mediator, moves freely between the source language / culture and the target language / culture to seek the golden mean with respect to the effectiveness of the translation in artistic and communicative terms, neither "domesticating" nor "foreignizing."

Resumen: La traducción de un texto literario escrito por un autor tan consciente del discurso como lo era Borges, requiere por parte del traductor un análisis especialmente riguroso de ese texto y de los procesos implicados en su lectura. La traducción de "Las ruinas circulares" por James Irby es una lograda versión del original centrada en el texto, aunque su decisión de no hacer una traducción centrada en el lector es contraria al propósito comunicativo perseguido por Borges en el original. Esto se pone de manifiesto gracias al uso de herramientas proporcionadas por el análisis del discurso en la realización de este ejercicio de crítica de traducción.

Resumen: Section I. Some general issues: Paper 1. On the idea of a theory, Paper 2. Shared ground in Translation Studies, Paper 3. What constitutes "progress" in Translation Studies?, Paper 4. Towards consilience?. Section II. Descriptive and prescriptive: Paper 5. The empirical status of prescriptivism, Paper 6. Skopos theory: A retrospective assessment, Paper 7. Catford revisited, Paper 8. The descriptive paradox, or how theory can affect practice. Section III. Causality and explanation: Paper 9. Causes, translations, effects, Paper 10. A causal model for Translation Studies, Paper 11. Semiotic modalities in translation causality, Paper 12. On explanation. Section IV. Norms: Paper 13. From 'is' to 'ought': Laws, norms and strategies in Translation Studies, Paper 14. A note on norms and evidence. Section V. Similarities and differences: Paper 15. On similarity, Paper 16. Problems with strategies, Paper 17. The unbearable lightness of English words. Section VI. Hypotheses: Paper 18. The status of interpretive hypotheses, Paper 19. Reflections on the literal translation hypothesis. Section VII. "Universals": Paper 20. Beyond the particular, Paper 21. What is a unique item?, Paper 22. Kundera's sentence, Paper 23. Universalism in Translation Studies. Section VIII. The sociological turn: Paper 24. Questions in the sociology of translation, Paper 25. The name and nature of Translator Studies, Paper 26. Models of what processes?. Section IX. Translation ethics: Paper 27. Proposal for a Hieronymic Oath, Paper 28. An ethical decision.

Resumen: This empirical-experimental study focuses on the processing of metaphorical expressions in sight translation (STR), a particular branch of interpreting. In order to test whether linguistic metaphors pose cognitive challenges for sight translators, we designed a within-subject experiment with 30 undergraduate taking an intermediate-level interpreting course at a Chinese university. Three streams of data, namely processing times, translation quality assessments, questionnaires and retrospective interviews, were collected and analysed for triangulation purposes.pThe results showed that metaphorical expressions took more time to process, and their presence resulted in more translation failures. In other words, the inclusion of linguistic metaphors slowed down the speed of production and compromised the quality of translation, meaning that the STR of metaphors requires more effort than for their literal counterparts. The results also suggested that the extra effort was mainly invested in the reading phase, rather than in the production phase. The data revealed that mistranslations resulting from incomplete understanding, and the ensuing imbalance in the allocation of processing capacity between the reading and production tasks, far outnumbered those resulting from the failure to find appropriate target-language terms. By adopting STR as the vehicle for examining metaphorical expressions, this study also shed some light on how metaphors are processed in a bilingual environment.