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Resumen: A book such as Alice in Wonderland, written for a girl, but nowadays understandable only by adults, the translation of proper nouns can reveal the audience for which translators have addressed their works. This article looks at the translation of proper nouns. These cultural traits are first names, historical references, place names and names of languages: should these be changed to facilitate comprehension by children? This study is then used to evaluate some aspects of theories proposed by Shavit and Oittinen concerning adaptation and translation.

Resumen: In western translation theories, Lawrence Venuti and Eugene Nida appear to be standing at too opposing poles regarding the equivalence theory, and are notable for their prominent disagreement on the issue. Their theories diverge in their responses to equivalence, and disagree, essentially, on the functions of translation as well as the aspects of an acceptable translation. This disagreement unfolded itself clearly during a conference at Binghamton University in 1991. In this essay, I intend to juxtapose the exceptionally different theoretical approaches of these two prominent translation scholars. I also intend to show how Venuti's views on translation in practice challenges Nida's theoretical approaches to translation, and surprisingly enough his own theories particularly speaking, foreignizing and domesticating translations in which he has been extensively engaged. Finally I intend to show how Venuti's practice of translation challenges his earlier attack on Nida's conceptions of the "dynamic equivalence," "naturalness of expression" (Nida 1964: 159) and the notion of "the equivalent effect" (de Waard & Nida 1986: 9).

Resumen: The authors have conducted a study aiming at determining the unit of translation (UT), a subject of debate for more than forty years. The article consists of a review of relevant literature, a redefinition of the UT, an examination of sampled translated texts, excerpts and sentences of over 23,000 pages, including the Bible and Soul Mountain, translated from the Nobel Prize-winning novel of the Chinese author, Gao Xingjian, and an international survey. The contrastive analysis of these ST and TT materials shows that translations are done sentence by sentence within context and thus identifies the sentence in context as the UT. This identification is further confirmed by an international survey of 66 professional translators and translation editors. By verifying the UT, this study indicates that for a UT-related theory to be testable, the translation theorist should no longer ignore or sideline the sentence from its context.

Resumen: Translation S- and T-universals have been widely discussed in Translation Studies and their psycholinguistic study has been among the priority topics today. The article is focused on the study of translation 'S- universals' (Chesterman 2004) and is based both on the psycholinguistic model of literary translation, which combines today's neuroscience theories of cognitivism and connectionism, and on the experimental data that demonstrate its validity. The model is resulted in a series of experiments held with undergraduate students of translation department. The results of the study proved the idea of existing specific procedural and discursive S-universals in literary translation. As the empirical data showed, these universals maintain the status of common strategies depending on translator's cognitive style (analytical or synthetic) and his dominant channel (visual, auditory, kinesthetic) of source text perception.

Resumen: Muchos creen todavía que basta conocer dos lenguas para traducir, pero como señala Delisle, "traducir consiste en decir bien -por escrito- en una lengua que se sabe muy bien lo que se ha comprendido muy bien en una lengua que se sabe muy bien" -1984:36- Ahora bien, qué significa a nuestro juicio,dado el próposito del trabajo, decir bien en treducción. Significa, entre otras tantas competencias, poseer una competencia discursiva, especialmente en el ámbito escrito.

Resumen: Hacia 1980, la definición más común de pragmática fue la de "meaning in use". Ya a finales de los 80 existían dos tendencias: aquellos que igualaban la pragmática al significado del hablante y quienes la comparaban con la interpretación de los enunciados, idea bastante relacionada con la aproximación cognitiva. De aquí, podemos deducir dos niveles de significado, intercambiables entre sí: el significado abstracto y el significado contextual.

Resumen: Para responder al interrogante del título, lo primero que hay que indagar es qué hacemos cuando traducimos, o sea, que es traducir. La pregunta parece tonta, pero si entramos a ensayar respuestas, veremos que infinidad de casos nos quedan fuera. Sin embargo, tiene que haber algo que los traductores hacemos siempre, como traductores, con cualquier texto que nos encarguen. Si encontramos una respuesta lo suficientemente general para abarcar todos los casos, habremos dado con una teoría genuinamente general de la traducción.

Resumen: Este ensayo lidia con la traducción del texto de Bandia al portugués de Brasil. Enfatiza los elementos que el autor considera los más sensibles, o sea, los pidgins y los créoles, en sus variantes inglesas y francesas. Acerca el posicionamiento de Bandia a las consideraciones teóricas de Nord (2001), envolviendo conceptos como teorías subjetivas, de función y de lealtad. Realza la importancia de juntar el concepto de lealtad al de pidgin con la finalidad de aproximar el autor al lector como una indicación de una traducción eficaz. El alcance exitoso de la traducción depende del tratamiento que el traductor le dé al uso que los novelistas hacen de los pidgins y los créoles en sus textos narrativos.

Resumen: This paper is an attempt to investigate the current problems the students graduating in English at the ISLT are likely to encounter when setting out to render English into Arabic. My teaching experience with them was beneficial, albeit quite short (one year-long only, 2000-2001). The material gathered, on the other hand, was wide-ranging and, better still, so provocative that I readily agreed to venture onto dangerous ground.[2] Studies in the past have often failed to delve deep into possible meanings and extend beyond traditional boundaries so as to assess the scope of words and explore the meaning potentials. Recent advances in the literature argue that translators should be sensitive to the losses and gains of cultural elements and assess the “weight” of these elements in the source text in order to bring about the same/similar effects. It is true that loss of meaning is inevitable and the transference to the translator’s language can only be approximate (Newmark 1988, 7). The current trend in translation theory is to explore situations to make it possible to transcend linguistic as well as cultural barriers. Translators will continue to reproduce only restricted facets of meaning so long as they do not vanquish ordinary processes of thought and approach the words in the SL text as units of discourse. I make no pretence at being able to offer definitive solutions. This account aims at identifying the potentially problematic areas in translating English into Arabic. The sense of new in this experience embodies a larger vision, apparently a different quality of recognition since the focal interest is laid on the interpretive weight of words as constituent parts of the act of communication.

Resumen: When critics identify 'manipulations' in translations, these are often described and analysed in terms of the differing norms governing the source and the target languages, cultures and literatures. This article focuses on the agent of the translation, the translator, and her/his presence in the translated text. It presents a theoretical and analytical tool, a communicative model of translation, using the category of the implied translator, the creator of a new text for readers of the target text. This model links the theoretical fields of narratology and translation studies and helps to identify the agent of 'change' and the level of communication in which the most significant modifications take place. It is a model applicable to all translated narrated literature but, as examples illustrate, due to the asymmetrical communication in and around children's literature, the implied translator as he/she becomes visible or audible as the narrator of the translation, is particularly tangible in translated children's literature.

Resumen: Les ouvrages de théorie de la traduction, d'apparition récente, ne sont pas légion. Ceux qui traitent de traduction juridique sont encore moins nombreux. Comme souvent, dans la plupart des domaines où s'exerce l'activité humaine, la pratique finit par déboucher sur une réflexion théorique. Au fil des ans un corpus prend forme et s'édifie, une Doctrine se dégage. l'instar du droit en sciences juridiques, la traduction s'est développée en traductologie. Plus précis et concret, son équivalent anglais Translation Sciences indique par ce pluriel la diversité et le nombre potentiel de ses ramifications. Car le fleuve de la traductologie comprend de nombreux affluents, il s'alimente à de multiples sources. L'un de ses tributaires est la traduction juridique, elle-même composante de la jurilinguistique.

Resumen: En el número de septiembre de nuestra revista, publicamos la primera parte de este texto magistral de Christiane Nord, donde analiza ejemplos citados en manuales universitarios para establecer sus funciones. Aquí concluye este extenso y exhaustivo artículo, que abunda en ejemplos que hacen más comprensibles las distintas terminologías analizadas.

Resumen: En este texto magistral, Christiane Nord analiza ejemplos citados en manuales universitarios para establecer sus funciones y sostiene que "los ejemplos funcionan mejor si se refieren a un objeto o fenómeno conocido". Toma como caso de análisis el libro fundamental del funcionalismo traductológico, Grundlegung einer allgemeinen Translationstheorie, publicado por Katharina Reiss y Hans J. Vermeer en 1984. El objetivo es analizar "las estrategias que las traductoras emplearon para procurar que los ejemplos funcionaran para los destinatarios de las traducciones ". En este número de la Revista CTPCBA, publicamos la primera parte de este extenso y exhaustivo artículo, y en la edición de diciembre publicaremos la parte restante.

Resumen: In this article, it is assumed that phraseological usage can be regarded as an indicator of normalisation in translated texts, as phraseological units are target-language standardised forms belonging to its lexical repertoire. Drawing on data yielded by the English-Catalan subcorpus of COVALT (Valencian Corpus of Translated Literature), it was found that Catalan translated texts are less phraseological than their corresponding English source texts, though only by a narrow margin. The narrowness of the margin seems to bear witness to some effort on the translators' part to retain or recreate a noticeable degree of phraseological activity in translated texts. However, further research is needed into the motives underlying translator behaviour in this respect.

Resumen: La notion de' equivalence est un concept clé de la pratique comme de la théorie de la traduction. Cependant, l'equivalence reste toujours une notion confuse et même contestée. La raison en est sans doute quèlle a beaucoup évolué dans le contexte de la traduction à travers les époques. En effet, peu de chercheurs en théorie de la traduction continuent de nos jours à rechercher les principes de l' équivalence et de la non-équivalence au niveau des signes de deux langues comme le faisait déjà saint Augustin au quatrième siècle et comme le faisaient encore, dans les années 60 Georges Mounin (1963) et, à un moindre degré, Roman Jakobson (1966). Certes, le problème de la coïncidence ou de la divergence des structures de deux langues en présence dans le processus de la traduction reste largement d' actualité, néanmoins, on recherche de moins, en moins dans les différences entre les structures sémantiques, syntaxiques et idiomatiques des langues les réponses aux questions sur l'equivalence de traduction.

Resumen: In the last forty years, much translation theory has been dominated by themes such as text typology, languages for special purposes, text linguistics and a rigid functionalism. It has been assumed, following Bühler, and then Nida, Paul Hartmann, Reiß and others, that all texts can be divided approximately into three categories viz. expressive, informative and persuasive (directive, operative), and that each category calls for a different translation method, the expressive leaning towards the authors, their language and their culture; the informative towards the readers and the facts; and the persuasive towards the readers who have to act after being informed. Further, it has been claimed that all translations have clear purposes and that all the translator has to do is to satisfy the employer or the readership.

Resumen: This paper investigates the question of whether the classifications and general descriptions of irony, as true as they may seem, are plausible enough for enquiries into areas such as translation. The generic and philosophical analysis criteria provided by the literary criticism, literary theory and pragmatic approaches hover around broad interpretive models of irony. These criteria are impractical for the analysis of irony for translation purposes, although the translation of irony relies essentially on interpretation and creative reformulation. This is particularly the case when dealing with typologically distant languages, such as Arabic and English, in a specific text-type. To be able to "work" with ironic texts there is a need for a more objective and applicable approach, which considers the identification of formal and rhetorical devices of ironic texts, hence a linguistic analysis that explains the communicative function of these devices at both the utterance and discourse structure levels