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Resumen: Este trabajo tan solo pretende analizar algunos casos de aparentes errores de traducción que se pueden encontrar en la primera traducción de Tristram Shandy de 1975.

Resumen: This empirical-experimental study focuses on the processing of metaphorical expressions in sight translation (STR), a particular branch of interpreting. In order to test whether linguistic metaphors pose cognitive challenges for sight translators, we designed a within-subject experiment with 30 undergraduate taking an intermediate-level interpreting course at a Chinese university. Three streams of data, namely processing times, translation quality assessments, questionnaires and retrospective interviews, were collected and analysed for triangulation purposes.pThe results showed that metaphorical expressions took more time to process, and their presence resulted in more translation failures. In other words, the inclusion of linguistic metaphors slowed down the speed of production and compromised the quality of translation, meaning that the STR of metaphors requires more effort than for their literal counterparts. The results also suggested that the extra effort was mainly invested in the reading phase, rather than in the production phase. The data revealed that mistranslations resulting from incomplete understanding, and the ensuing imbalance in the allocation of processing capacity between the reading and production tasks, far outnumbered those resulting from the failure to find appropriate target-language terms. By adopting STR as the vehicle for examining metaphorical expressions, this study also shed some light on how metaphors are processed in a bilingual environment.

Resumen: Drawing on a corpus of eight translations of Lewis Carroll's Alice in Wonderland into five languages (German, French, Spanish, Brazilian Portuguese, Italian), the paper discusses the forms and functions of proper names in children's books and some aspects of their translation. In Alice in Wonderland, we find three basic types of proper names: names explicitly referring to the real world of author and original addressees (e.g., Alice, her cat Dinah, historical figures like William the Conqueror), names implicitly referring to the real world of author and original addressees (e.g., Elsie, Lacie and Tillie, referring to the three Liddell sisters Lorina Charlotte, Alice and Edith Mathilda), and names referring to fictitious characters. An important function of proper names in fiction is to indicate in which culture the plot is set. It will be shown that the eight translators use various strategies to deal with proper names and that these strategies entail different communicative effects for the respective audiences.

Resumen: De la amplia producción literaria de Iñigo López de Mendoza, Marqués de Santillana, poco, por no decir casi nada, se ha traducido al inglés. No falta, eso es verdad, en cualquier antología de poesía española alguna de su representación de su lírica menor, pero poco más. En 1940, J. B. Trend editó en Londres un pequeño volumen bajo el título de Prose and verse by the Marquis of Santillana

Resumen: Given the lack of sensitization to the multi-dimensional concept of quality, and given the versatility of the concept of relevance, the present investigation attempts to examine the premise that Relevance Theory (RT) can function as a standard or a benchmark for maximizing and/or optimizing quality in CI. Whilst the theoretical part relies heavily on Ernst-August Gutt's seminal work Translation and Relevance: Cognition and Context (2000), the practical part draws on some empirical data obtained from trainee-interpreters' recorded sessions at the Hashemite University (Jordan) in order to provide a relevance-driven account for some semantic, syntactic, and cultural difficulties and problems in CI. The study arrives at the main conclusion that the degree of quality in CI largely depends on the degree of relevance achieved by the interpreter's TL version, i.e., quality in CI would rise exponentially with the degree of relevance achieved by the interpreter's TL version. The study also concludes that the pragmatic RT can be considered a reliable instrument, a reliable frame of reference, or a reliable screening system that can ensure both relevance-building and a correspondingly concomitant quality-building in CI, i.e., RT can possibly fine-tune the interpreters' performance in the booth.

Resumen: Para responder al interrogante del título, lo primero que hay que indagar es qué hacemos cuando traducimos, o sea, que es traducir. La pregunta parece tonta, pero si entramos a ensayar respuestas, veremos que infinidad de casos nos quedan fuera. Sin embargo, tiene que haber algo que los traductores hacemos siempre, como traductores, con cualquier texto que nos encarguen. Si encontramos una respuesta lo suficientemente general para abarcar todos los casos, habremos dado con una teoría genuinamente general de la traducción.

Resumen: Jonatham Downie stresses the need for more academic research into the elements that make a successful translator, such as business skills.

Resumen: Cultural transaltion in this research refers to translation of site names in the Historic Centre of Macau which was inscribed on the UNESCO World Heritage List in the year 2005. The Historic Centre of Macau, which is the product of over 400 years of cultural exchange between the western and the Chinese civilizations, encompasses rich architectural legacies. This paper attempts to examine how the names of those cultural legacies are translated.

Resumen: "Si no aceptamos que todas las metáforas sean universales -lo que permitiría la traducción literal de sus elementos-, el lenguaje metafórico de la lengua fuente deberá recrearse en la lengua término". El presente estudio se centra en este proceso interlingüístico e intercultural y, luego de revisar algunos aspectos teóricos de la metáfora, el autor tratará de comprobar si es posible establecer algunas generalizaciones sobre los procedimientos de su traducción. Servirá de marco la obra de Angela Carter "The Passion of New Eve" y la versión española de M. Horne.

Resumen: This study proposes an empirical methodology to test the hypothesis that translation from Spanish into English results in reduced abstractness. The semantic area focused upon is the attribution of properties to specific entities by means of abstract nouns. Two levels of abstractness, conceptual and grammatical, are considered. Conceptual abstractness is linked to the referential content of the nouns, while grammatical abstractness involves the reified expression of properties as nouns, as opposed to other word classes. The study classifies the translation correspondences for nouns ending in the suffix -idad in the Spanish novels by Manuel Vázquez Montalbán (1939-2003) Los mares del Sur and Tatuaje. Such property-denoting nouns contribute to the construal of point of view. The methodology combines a quantitative approach with a qualitative, text-analytic selection of relevant items. Results indicate that abstractness is mainly reduced on the grammatical level although instances of diminished conceptual abstractness can also be observed. Compliance with language preferences may be aligning with readability norms affecting the target product, crime fiction, to undo reification of properties (namely explicitation and simplification). The results underscore the need to include semantic parameters in studies of translation tendencies. A few studies on song translation can be identified, such as Low’s (2003; 2005) Pentathlon Approach and Franzon’s (2005) functional approach. These models of translation offer valuable guidelines on how to treat the lyrics, but what is missing is a systematic and multimodal model of analysis that can be applied to the song in its entirety. Kaindl (2005; 2013) takes into consideration the multimodality of songs, but only focuses on popular music and opera. Acknowledging the lack of substantial research on the interaction between modes, which is typical of stage musicals, this paper focuses on the development of a model of analysis that considers the semiotic complexity of songs. A new approach based on themes will allow for a more holistic view of the song and of its content.

Resumen: This study is concerner with aspects of the transfer of sentence form from source text (ST) to target text (TT) in a language pair that has extensive formal correspondence-Italian and English. For the purposes of this investigation, the significant parallels between Italian and English are primarily those od the resources of sentence form and the similar functions of most of their respective segmental punctuation sign.

Resumen: The paper investigates lexical repetition in Arabic original literary texts and English translations. The empirical base material consists of a three-part autobiography (al-Ayyam, by Taha Hussein) and its translation (The Days). The method involves a mapping of the target text (TT) onto the source text (ST) so as to see how instances of lexical repetition are rendered into the translations and what are the strategies and norms involved in determining certain translation choices. Three types of lexical repetition are studied: lexical-item repetition, lexical-doublet repetition and phrase repetition. Lexical repetition serves two major functions, namely textual and rhetorical. The textual function concerns the potential of repetition for organising the text and rendering it cohesive, while the rhetorical foregrounds a mental image or invokes emotions in emotive language. It is observed that the translation of the autobiography's second part is characterised mainly by the absence of lexical repetition, contrary to the translations of the first and third parts. Thus, the target text misrepresents the original author as passing through three stages of textual, stylistic development. As to the translation strategies, the findings suggest that the translators vary the ST by using different patterns of reference. Rhetorical repetition is backgrounded by at least one translator who replaces it with pervasive variation. It is argued that the ambivalence of their approaches leads to a misrepresentation of the original text (and perhaps the author) as rather uneven.The strategies for translating lexical repetition highlight the translators' individual attitudes towards the ST's norms and their adherence to the linguistic and cultural norms prevalent in the TL environment. On the whole, there is a variation in the degree of bias towards the norms of either SL or TL. In terms of Toury's norms model, it may be safe to claim that the general trend of translational norms seems to lean more towards the acceptability pole than the adequacy pole, i.e., a TL-oriented strategy is opted for.

Resumen: A un año de la muerte del genial escritor colombiano, este texto cuenta la historia surgida en torno de la traducción al inglés de la obra fundamental de Gabriel García Márquez: Cien años de soledad. La decisión recayó sobre el gran traductor Gregory Rabassa, quien fue elegido por Gabo, por el consejo que recibió de su amigo argentino, y también traductor, Julio Cortázar. «Es el único que puede hacer una traducción de la novela como se merece», le dijo sin dudar el autor de Rayuela.

Resumen: Consistent with his poetic concept of the "living word", Catalan poet Joan Maragall (1860-1911) emerged as a powerful voice amid the conflicts that beset the social and political fabrics of his day -reacting, as Arthur Terry has written, "to his actual circumstances in an idiom which reflects the speech characteristics of his time." and his varying rhythms combined with lexical and sintactic simplicity (in contrast to his Romantic pedecessors) have "a resonance and an air of authenticity".

Resumen: A brand name is an essential part of an advertising campaign, identifying and being closely associated with a product or a manufacturer. One of the major functions of a brand name is to catch the attention of the audience and enhance their memorization. This research takes English-Chinese translation of brand names as an example and studies a prominent feature or strategy of brand name translation, namely rewriting to establish images in relation to the original pronunciation and/or logo. The translation of brand names is not bound by the original semantic meaning and is highly flexible, but it often retains the original sound or pronunciation. In the case of English-Chinese translation, brand names are often rewritten in that a new meaning is presented in the translation and images are established that are associated with the product or manufacturer. This study views image in its broadest sense, establishes a framework of images covering both concrete and abstract versions and discusses the functions of images in increasing the memorability of a brand name and engaging the audience's emotions. A corpus of 316 English brand names with Chinese translations is considered and two examples are selected for discussion, one looking at the establishment of a concrete image and the other an abstract image. Such rewriting is analysed in relation to the functions of brand names in the hope of providing translators with a point of reference.

Resumen: Voice-over as an audiovisual translation modality has traditionally been described for its rendering of the truth or its faithfulness. The manipulation and deviation from the original text through translation has already been the object of study in documentaries. This paper looks at the translation of TV news through voice-over. Technical and content infidelities are rendering the broadcast actualities into sexed up copies of the original, which for all intents and purposes are in sheer contravention of what translation is for as a faithful reproduction of the original and of objective and factual news reporting. The effects of the translator's visibility in news voice-over is re-examined and the physical presence of the translator/voice talent is analyzed. This paper argues that the visibility of the translator in this instance pushes the boundaries of mediation beyond mere technicalities towards a sociopolitical sphere of reasoning and rationality by editorial policy makers. The paper also argues that synchronicity of voice-overs stemming from the rhetorical features of the voice-over styles of delivery and the idiosyncrasies of the voices creates dissonance and renders the original message with a degree of infelicities that undermine the long-celebrated standards of objectivity and neutrality. Consequently, this paper underscores the invisibility of the translator in this mode of translation mediation.

Resumen: La traducción de un texto literario escrito por un autor tan consciente del discurso como lo era Borges, requiere por parte del traductor un análisis especialmente riguroso de ese texto y de los procesos implicados en su lectura. La traducción de "Las ruinas circulares" por James Irby es una lograda versión del original centrada en el texto, aunque su decisión de no hacer una traducción centrada en el lector es contraria al propósito comunicativo perseguido por Borges en el original. Esto se pone de manifiesto gracias al uso de herramientas proporcionadas por el análisis del discurso en la realización de este ejercicio de crítica de traducción.

Resumen: Contiene: Introducción. 1. Literatura Comparada y Traducción. 2. James Thomson: El autor y su época. 3. Influencia de la literatura inglesa en la literatura francesa. Conclusión. Bibliografía.

Resumen: This article contributes to the discussion of retranslation in Translation Studies through a case study on the retranslation of romance novels in Taiwan. Although retranslation has received some attention from translation researchers, most of the existing studies are based on examples of classic literature. In contrast, popular fiction like the romance novel remains relatively under-researched. In this article, paratextual analysis is applied to the publishing environment and marketing strategies for romance novels in order to explain why works of this genre - which are usually regarded as cheap and "throwaway" - are retranslated and how consumers are motivated to purchase such products. The findings suggest that the retranslation of best-selling romantic novels is a low-cost and low-risk investment for the publishers concerned. Such retranslations are promoted through three channels: via the branding of the retranslation as a "classi"'; by persuading readers to believe that the retranslated version is more faithful to the original, and thus superior; and by introducing a different mode of consumption - a shift away from renting and towards the purchase of novels. It is argued that, for commercially-driven retranslations, market factors rather than the inherent features of the texts concerned provide a clearer explanation for the phenomenon of retranslatio

Resumen: If one is to draw up, in order of usage frequency, a list of words whose authority has most often been invoked in translation studies during the past decades, idomestication/i and iforeignizing/i will most likely appear at the top. When they were first coined or given their new isignifia/i, these words may well have been applicable to the approaches or strategies used by certain translators in certain periods, certain cultures, or certain parts of the world. One should not, however, be misled into thinking that they are applicable to all translators or all translations, for, apart from the "domesticating" and "foreignizing" approaches or strategies, there is a wide range of other possibilities into which the vast majority of translations can fall, and to which the concepts of "domestication" and "foreignizing" do not apply.pThis paper looks at iMonkey/i, Arthur Waley's English translation of the classical Chinese novel Xi you ji (Journey to the West), and shows how the above-mentioned concepts are not universally relevant, and how the translator, as an empathic and creative mediator, moves freely between the source language / culture and the target language / culture to seek the golden mean with respect to the effectiveness of the translation in artistic and communicative terms, neither "domesticating" nor "foreignizing."

Resumen: The futility of decades of government efforts to disseminate Chinese literature has triggered discussions among Chinese scholars on how to translate and who should be entrusted with this task. Some blame the failure on traditional concepts of translation that overemphasize faithfulness to the original to the point of disregarding target cultural conditions, but others insist that China should have control over its cultural export and that Sino-English should be used to internationalize English. Findings show that traditional concepts should not be blamed, as aggressively source-oriented strategies have been used in outbound translation only in recent years, and that this shift in translation norms in government-initiated outbound translation has spread to non-literary text types, and also to Hong Kong and Taiwan. The same kind of aggressiveness has recently been displayed in other forms of cultural export, triggering resistance in other cultures. All these changes may be attributable to a heightening of cultural self-image. What is needed to address the issue is cultural self-reflection, which will lead to the awareness that economic growth does not immediately bring cultural prestige, and that source-initiated cultural export efforts may make little difference in central cultures. Cultural awareness at a higher level can be achieved only through empathy.

Resumen: In Chinese-English translation the equivalents for noun or verb modifiers are more than often subject to redeployment in the target language. According to the principle that a modifier is supposed to be syntactically located in the immediacy of the modified toward which it is semantically oriented, the displacement of a modifier from where it should be syntactically located is incurred because of pragmatic motivations. However, in the context of Chinese-English translation, the modified can exert more drawing force on the modifier. As a result, the originally displaced modifier, now in a position identical to that of its English equivalent, returns to the modified, the noun or the verb, toward which it is semantically oriented. Or the modifier will resume the syntactic position as close to its modified noun or verb as possible. A conclusive analysis claims that the drawing gravity from the modified in C-E translation results from the translator's heightened semantic concerns, although some pragmatic effects can be produced as expected or unexpected.

Resumen: John Evans reports on three lectures that accompanied the recent multilingual Globe to Globe Festival, offering insights into the process of translating for the stage.

Resumen: Traditional notions surrounding translation have for many centuries defined the translator's idea of his own task as limited, mechanical, and devoid of any creativity, creativity being a characteristic of the author, not the translator. This issue is particularly at stake in the case of poetry translation, where the transporting of the combination of sound and meaning to another language becomes the one great challenge. In this article, an analysis is made of the way three Brazilian translators of Shakespeare's Sonnets explain and deal with their own translation choices. These choices are often dictated by a negotiation process based on loss and compensation.

Resumen: Phraseological Units rank high among the most complex linguistic segments for translators, whether because of their figurative nature, their culturally specific meaning or their pragmatic peculiarities. Such difficulties increase exponentially when PUs are expressed in a multimodal fictional environment, especially if the situated meaning of the unit relies on visual elements for its correct interpretation: the so-called visual phraseological units (PUs). In these cases, the literal wording of a PU is portrayed physically, thus making both the phraseological and literal meanings overlap. These visual PUs have progressively become a common device in TV programs such as sitcoms and cartoon series - this paper, in particular, uses the case-study of the well-known American cartoon series The Simpsons. However, their ubiquity has not triggered a comparable scholarly response, either from the field of phraseology or from that of translation studies, with some notable exceptions. The combination of a limited theoretical framework and the inherent traductological obstacles these units pose accounts for the poor or, at times, non-existent solutions when it comes to rendering them in other languages. The purpose of this paper is to analyse the felicity of the Spanish translations of visual PUs appearing in The Simpsons. Some tentative traductological solutions will also be provided alongside the inevitable shortcomings of the target language versions, in an attempt to provide practical ground with which to foster further research on the question.

Resumen: A partir del famoso Proceso de Bolonia de 1999, la Unión Europea decide crear el Espacio Europeo de Educación Superior basado en la cooperación internacional y el intercambio académico, y uno de sus objetivos es homologar el sistema de educación superior de sus países miembro. Entre las reformas planteadas en Bolonia, se pretende que los títulos superiores sean de fácil lectura y comparables entre los distintos países miembro y que los estudios universitarios estén organizados en una estructura de tres ciclos. Para esto, los países se encuentran abocados a la tarea de implementar sistemas nacionales de calificaciones compatibles con el sistema propuesto por el Espacio Europeo de Educación Superior y definir los objetivos de aprendizaje de cada uno de los ciclos. Además, se propone el reconocimiento equitativo de los títulos extranjeros de acuerdo con el Consejo de Europa y/o la Convención de Reconocimiento de la UNESCO. Estos cambios en el sistema europeo, que quedarán firmes a partir del 2010, marcan varias diferencias con el sistema de educación superior argentino y la traducción de los títulos de universidades europeas presentan un nuevo desafío para los traductores. Sin embargo, es aún mayor el desafío en la traducción inversa de títulos, certificaciones, planes de estudio, sistemas de calificaciones, etc. argentinos a cualquiera de las lenguas de la Unión Europea, ya que un error de interpretación puede perjudicar al estudiante argentino. ¿Cómo debe actuar el traductor ante esta dificultad? ¿Cuánto puede o debe intervenir? En este trabajo se analizarán los problemas particulares que se plantean en la traducción de estos documentos, se presentarán ejemplos de traducción al idioma inglés y se propondrán algunas soluciones prácticas.

Resumen: Este estudio pretende hacer hincapié en los mecanismos idiomáticos y los procedimientos de creación léxica más peculiares de la novela "Filth", de Irvine Welsh. Partiendo de su traducción al español ("Escoria") llevada a cabo por Federico Corriente, se pone de relieve la dificultad que entraña el trasvase intralingüístico de los juegos de palabras, los modismos, las metáforas, y las expresiones rimadas, ya que se trata de elementos creativos generalmente ligados a un entorno sociocultural concreto. El análisis de la autora aporta valiosos datos sobre las tareas que requiere el proceso de traducción y sobre la importancia del léxico como marcador social y como recurso para la creación del humor en el discurso literario.

Resumen: The paper examines sound schemes in Arabic original poetic prose and English translation. These are reverse rhyme, rhyme, pararhyme and consonance. Looked at from the vantage point of sound symbolism, an attempt is made to verify their expressive and thematic functions in ST. In some cases, the concept has apparently been proven applicable and the claims made in this regard are plausible. As to the interlingual patterns of sound symbolism, the study has come to the conclusion that ST and TT diverge when it comes to how onomatopoeic elements evoke meaning. The strategic decisions taken by translators in addressing translation problems depend largely on how sensitive they are towards the ST phonic aspect and affiliations. They employ compensation in kind and in place whenever and wherever that is felt to be required, hence, replacing ST phonological recurrence with morphological and lexical ones. These higher-level devices are but one means of achieving parallel effects in the TT. However, consonance is regularly used as a prime solution for the problem of equivalence. It is axiomatic that in any attempt of translation a certain degree of loss is expected in terms of failure to relay the ST message content intact. Another kind of damage consists in the impossibility of rendering ST scripts into TT. The significance of Arabic letters to the readers of Arabic will definitely be mismatched in the TT as they imply culturally broader connotations and allusions to the Islamic heritage. The graphological input to the message in the Arabic text will hardly be imparted by the TT Roman script.

Resumen: El spanglish atenta contra el idioma", opinan algunos académicos, literatos y traductores, tanto de los Estados Unidos como de Hispanoamérica. "La lengua es algo vivo, siempre cambiante. Es normal que en un idioma se introduzcan palabras de otro", argumentan quienes no están de acuerdo. "El intercambio favorece la interculturalidad", sostienen unos terceros. "En realidad no es un intercambio: es una invasión cultural", concluyen los primeros. Lo cierto es que, ya sea a favor o en contra, en nuestra comunidad profesional el spanglish está en el centro de la polémica. Justamente por las dificultades que este tema implica para nuestra tarea cotidiana, el CTPCBA no podía permanecer ajeno al debate. En su nuevo libro, el semiólogo Umberto Eco explica claramente el conflicto: "Supongamos que en una novela inglesa, el personaje dice: "It's raining cats and dogs". El traductor, pensando decir la misma cosa, traduce literalmente "llueven gatos y perros", cuando debería traducir "llueve a cántaros" [...] Pero, y si en una novela italiana llovieran gatos y perros, porque el autor no pudo evitar la tentación de adornar su discurso con esos penosos anglicismos? Al traducir literalmente, el ignorante lector italiano no entendería que se está usando un anglicismo".

Resumen: Hacia 1980, la definición más común de pragmática fue la de "meaning in use". Ya a finales de los 80 existían dos tendencias: aquellos que igualaban la pragmática al significado del hablante y quienes la comparaban con la interpretación de los enunciados, idea bastante relacionada con la aproximación cognitiva. De aquí, podemos deducir dos niveles de significado, intercambiables entre sí: el significado abstracto y el significado contextual.