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Resumen: Technical difficulties associated with dubbing, together with the collaborative nature of the dubbing process, explain why traditionally the linguistic challenges of dubbing translation for specific audiences such as children have not been studied very closely. As new developments in sound recording improve the technical quality of dubbing, it is time for the remaining textual translation issues to be addressed in more detail. Due to the many common characteristics of different text types aimed at children, dubbers of children’s audiovisual material can learn a considerable amount from the translators of other texts, such as books and comics aimed at children, about the particular challenges posed by this target audience.

Resumen: This article is in part a review of the literary qualities of the narrative tales written by the Swedish children's author Astrid Lindgren and in part a comparative reading of the Swedish Mio, min Mio (Mio, my son) and its Danish translation from 1955. It will be shown how the Danish version has been adapted from the Swedish and how as a result the Danish version of the narrative does not have the same literary quality as the original.

Resumen: The article takes a look at the translation of children's literature intended for reading aloud. The pragmatic (or theoretical) point of departure is a 'narrative contract' between the child (audience) and the reader as in the oral tradition of yesteryear. It is therefore argued that, at least initially, children's literature for reading aloud was a continuation of the narrative tradition in the extended family adapted to the conditions and mores of the nuclear family. The nuclear family was a 19th century innovation promoted by the new middle classes, and they best carried on the narrative tradition by means of stories such as those of the brothers Grimm in Germany and Hans Christian Andersen in Denmark. Referring to an informal questionnaire among Translation Studies scholars covering eleven countries, it is concluded that the tradition of reading aloud for children is alive and well. This leads to a model for the translational situation for read-aloud literature that calls for guiding principles in the exploration of differences between 'originals' and 'translations.' Having introduced such layers, viz. the structural, the linguistic, the content and intentional ones, a paratextual and chronological layer are also called for, because of the ubiquity of modern co-prints and the need to introduce diachronic perspectives. The article discusses decision-makers in the process of translation, such as publishers and the like, and also briefly views questions of translational traditions before it discusses translations of the Grimm Tales into English and Danish, to conclude that there are two different schools of 'respectable translators,' one targeting stories for reading aloud and another for silent reading, even though the translators may not be aware of this. The final part takes up questions concerning the translation of names, rhymes, and a highly complex text which is discussed in depth. The conclusion is that translation for reading aloud is an art requiring great competence of translators. It also ought to attract more attention from Translation Studies scholars because it questions fundamentals in translation work that are also found in other types of translation.

Resumen: Este artículo se acerca al problema de la traducción en Haroldo de Campos a través del estudio de su biblioteca y del archivo de Roman Jakobson en el MIT (Massachusetts Institute of Technology), que conserva sus intercambios desde 1966 hasta 1981. La historización de la teoría y de las prácticas de traducción de Haroldo, así como su concepción de la literatura y la cultura, se hace posible a través de la reconstrucción de sus intertextos y de las redes intelectuales de las que participó y del estudio de la correspondencia y la propia biblioteca del autor.

Resumen: This paper provides a bibliometric analysis of journalistic translation research (JTR) from the past two decades. It is based on a corpus of 396 entries on journalistic translation and interpreting from the Translation Studies Bibliography (TSB) between 2000 and 2019. This study first consists of a bibliometric analysis of these entries from the aspects of author/editor, year, language, type, journal and publisher. It then explores prominent research topics and areas of focus based both on keywords provided by annotated entries in the TSB and on keywords and high-frequency nouns extracted from the abstracts as a result of corpus analysis. The study elaborates on various methodological approaches to studying journalistic translation according to the keywords provided in the entries of the TSB. The study found that: (1) most of the JTR was published by prestigious journals and publishers in English around 2010; (2) multimedia news about socio-cultural issues, published on various platforms, attracted the most attention from scholars; and (3) socio-cultural approaches have been the most prominent type of approach to journalistic translation over the past two decades. JTR research trends are also predicated according to the current development of the field.

Resumen: Le présent article fait état d'un aperçu de la réflexion, en matière de théorie de la traduction, d'un important groupe de professeurs d'universités espagnoles qui oeuvrent en traduction ou en traductologie. Dans les années 1990, une série d'ouvrages pionniers voient le jour et offrent une riche diversité de concepts sur la théorie de la traduction et sur son application didactique. Si, pour Lvóvskaya, il convient de mettre l'accent sur l'équivalence dans la communication bilingue, pour Elena, il s'agit plutôt d'appliquer à l'espagnol les théories allemandes du fonctionnalisme et du skopos. Tricás, quant à elle, développe l'application des théories de l'argumentation linguistique en traduction sur le plan textuel, tandis que Hurtado se centre sur un développement exhaustif de chacun des piliers de la traduction. Rabadán et Merino, de leur côté, centrent leurs travaux sur les Études descriptives de traduction (EDT). Par ailleurs, d'autres chercheurs suivent des orientations diverses : Vidal (déconstruction, manipulation, pouvoir), Carbonell (postcolonialisme), Corpas (corpus traductologiques), Muñoz (dimension cognitive), Ortega (herméneutique) et Mayoral (la traduction comme technologie)

Resumen: El presente artículo propone replantear la transitividad como una herramienta de análisis útil en los estudios descriptivos de traducción, en particular para investigar la traducción de la agencia. La transitividad es el conjunto de recursos léxico-gramáticos que «representan la realidad en el lenguaje» (Eggins 2001/2005: 206). En materia de traducción, esas opciones han sido exploradas de manera fructífera por varios estudiosos de la traducción con una fuerte orientación hacia la Lingüística Sistémico-Funcional (SFL, por sus siglas en inglés); si bien recientemente no ha habido mucho interés académico en la comunidad de Estudios de Traducción en general, tal vez debido a la aparente complejidad del marco analítico de la SFL. El presente artículo retoma el análisis de la transitividad por su pertinencia para los Estudios de Traducción, especialmente para los interesados en descubrir cómo se manifiestan en el texto la agencia, la ideología, la caracterización y la narrativa. Este artículo incorpora nuevas metodologías de investigación lingüística para el análisis de la transitividad en combinación con los sistemas lingüísticos adicionales voz, tema y modalidad, ya que esta combinación permite una visión más holística de la transitividad. Centrado en la traducción de la agencia de Mao al comienzo de la Revolución Cultural en la autobiografía políticamente volátil de Chang, Wild Swans, el análisis muestra cambios significativos en la caracterización de Mao en la traducción china de Pu Zhang, publicada en Taiwán, lo que altera la narrativa general. El artículo propone una categorización de los cambios y de las equivalencias de agencia lingüística en base a un análisis textual, y contribuye a una categorización más sistemática de la traducción de la agencia.

Resumen: When literary authors translate their own work, they sometimes collaborate with other writer-translators. While such “collaboration” is often acknowledged on the title pages of the resulting publications, the nature of each joint venture is typically very different in practice. Surviving archival traces often allow for a more detailed reconstruction of the varying working methods that were adopted for every co-translation, but it would be naïve to assume that even the most completely preserved record will make it possible to conclusively identify the function of every participant in the creative process. In this article, we will combine genetic criticism and genetic translation studies on the one hand, with microhistorical and social approaches to translation on the other, as complementary methodologies to further investigate the understudied notion of collaborative (self-)translation. By using as our test case the extant draft versions and other related materials that document the collaborative relationships between Irish bilingual author Samuel Beckett and his co-translators in French, English and German, the purpose is to show that a process-oriented and interdisciplinary approach to translation can help overcome some of the challenges and limitations presented by digital editions and archives such as the Beckett Digital Manuscript Project (BDMP).

Resumen: Resulting from the wish to meet the (new, altered) requirements of the receiving culture, retranslations are exponents of the historical relativity of translation. According to the so-called retranslation hypothesis, retranslations tend to be more source culture oriented than first translations. First translations, the hypothesis runs, deviate from the original to a higher degree than subsequent, more recent translations, because first translations determine whether or not a text (and its author) is (are) going to be accepted in the target culture. One can come up with several factors that make the retranslation hypothesis, even broadened to re-rewriting hypothesis, plausible (e.g., translators take a critical stance to earlier translations, the target language has developed and target culture norms have become less rigid), but one can ask to what extent the hypothesis is supported by empirical evidence. In the following article some of the results of my study of 52 German and 18 Dutch versions of the children's classic book Nils Holgerssons underbara resa genom Sverige (Nils Holgersson's Wonderful Journey Through Sweden, Selma Lagerlöf, 1906-1907), published between 1907-1908 and 1999, are discussed with respect to the retranslation hypothesis. It is argued that, though some more recent versions showed consideration for the original, a clash of norms ultimately did not allow the hypothesis to hold good: not allegiance to the original, but literary, pedagogical and economical norms gained the upper hand.The hypothesis clearly does not have a general value. The hypothesis may be valid to some extent, but only if it is not formulated in absolute terms. Within peripheral forms of literature, like children's literature, as well as within classical literature, less prototypical (re)rewriting has proven to be more than the exception and target norms continue to clash with fidelity to the original source text.

Resumen: L'être humain est produit par le langage davantage qu'il ne le produit. Lorsque ce constat psychanalytique est posé sur le terrain de la traductologie, celle-ci est amenée à envisager des sujets habituellement considérés comme étant hors de son champ de compétence, tels que les lapsus. Dans le sillage des travaux de François Peraldi, nous montrons les affinités épistémologiques et conceptuelles de la psychanalyse et de la traduction et, plus encore, la nécessité pour la traduction d'incorporer certains vecteurs de réflexion psychanalytiques. Dans cette visée, nous relançons l'injonction que Peraldi a faite aux traducteurs et qui rejoint la poétique du traduire d'Henri Meschonnic : se mettre à l'écoute du corps de la parole et de la parole du corps dans le langage. Cette écoute doit passer par une sensibilisation du corps traduisant, par l'éveil de sa fonction érotique, qui se trouve à l'état latent.

Resumen: This article is a presentation of the general framework of a research project in which 56 translated and 94 non-translated books published for children in Argentina during 1997 are analyzed. In the project, the translated books are compared with the non-translated ones from paratextual, literary and linguistic viewpoints. Translation is considered to be a decision-making process and the broad approach proposed here makes possible a comparison of the decisions taken by publishers and translators in different areas and, most importantly, to the interrelations of these decisions. The results will increase the general knowledge of translation for children and of literature published for children in an Argentinean context. Moreover, they will be of importance for methodological issues such as the selection of corpora.

Resumen: This paper describes how mediation in translation is realized by means of inclusion and exclusion of information at the selection stage and discursive deviations at the presentation stage in the process of target text production. It discusses the effect of mediation in relation to two types of the target text recipients, one is termed professional readers representing the censoring authorities and the other the intended reading public, and their respective socio-cultural backgrounds. Our argument in this paper is that an investigation of translation from the perspective of mediation helps reveal the power struggle underlying the translation process. The detailed description of the textual realization of mediation, in particular, helps create an awareness of the various ways the target text producer may take to mediate the translation process to achieve a compromise between the author's interests and the professional readers' political concerns so as to get the translation published.

Resumen: Despite the fact that translation teaching research has been gaining momentum over the last two decades, little has been written and therefore known about translation assessment in the teaching context. This article reports on a data-based empirical study of translation testing in China. The issues raised in it range from teachers’ attitudes towards testing to its objectives, design, contents, frequency, and its pedagogical roles. It is suggested that more research be done on translation testing, of which the first task is to develop a theoretical framework to provide guidance for translation testing practice and research. It is further recommended that translation testing be made more teaching-oriented and brought closer to the real world of professional translation.

Resumen: Les affinités sont étonnantes entre les constatations épistémologiques que la théorie du chaos a amené les sciences dites exactes à faire et une pensée de la traduction libérée d’une conception fixiste du sens. Penser la traduction en passant par la théorie du chaos, c’est surtout annuler les dichotomies inopérantes échues des conceptualisations traditionnelles, visée participant des discours de la « troisième voie ». Non-linéarité, sensibilité critique aux conditions initiales et géométrie fractale sont autant de thèmes qui potentialisent la théorisation de la traduction dans une épistémologie tablant sur la mouvance et la subjectivité des paramètres d’interprétation, sur l’instabilité persistante entre l’ordre et le désordre, sur la valeur heuristique donc positive du désordre et sur l’incomplétude.

Resumen: En los estudios de traducción e interpretación (ETI), el análisis del texto origen presenta enormes posibilidades (Nord 2005; De la Cova 2017; Szymyslik 2019). Para identificar elementos complejos en el texto para su análisis y sistematización, los ETI plantean interesantes conceptos abstractos y nocionalmente densos, pero que requieren de una operativización metodológica compleja y eminentemente cualitativa, por ejemplo: problema de traducción (Nord 1997/2001; De la Cova 2017; Hurtado 2017), dificultad (Dahl 2004; Dragsted 2004), o error (O’Brien 2012; Koby, Fields et al. 2014). Los estudios de corpus aplicados a la Traductología tienden a ser cuantitativos (corpus-based o corpus-driven, según Baker (2006)) o, excepcionalmente, mixtos, y permiten trabajar en un plano textual «manifiesto», reconocible por las herramientas. Sin embargo, los constructos complejos requieren metodologías con corpus esencialmente cualitativas, menos frecuentes por su complejidad. Este trabajo analiza la objetivación fundamentada de estos conceptos complejos para su estudio sistemático. Asimismo, presenta ejemplos de investigación cualitativa con corpus y analiza el potencial investigador de distintas herramientas en este contexto. La transferibilidad metodológica cualitativa centrada en constructos complejos y las metodologías adecuadas para estos contextos, desde la teoría fundamentada (Grounded Theory) y la categorización teórica bottom-up (Strauss y Corbin 1990; Robson 2002; Böhm 2000/2004; Silverman 2011; entre otros) son algunas de las principales conclusiones de este trabajo.

Resumen: In theory, translation studies does not exclude intralingual translation, but de facto empirical studies or discussions on the subject of intralingual translation are few and far between. This article argues for the proper inclusion of intralingual translation on the grounds of its many similarities with interlingual translation. For the sake of comparison, a general description of intralingual translation and its characteristics on the basis of five different Danish versions of a section of the Bible and an analysis of the microstrategies employed in each version are proposed. Similarities as well as differences between rewording and translation proper are discussed, the conclusion being that the differences between intralingual and interlingual translation seem to be more a question of degree than of kind.

Resumen: La revue Interculturalidad y Traducción (I&T) vient combler le vide laissé par Livius, qui a servi d'organe de diffusion au Département de philologie moderne de l'Université de León de 1992 à 2000. Avec un horizon plus large que sa prédécesseure, la nouvelle publication, dont le premier numéro a vu le jour en 2005, vise à participer du « dialogue intellectuel à propos des cultures et de la traduction dans le cadre des études comparées et descriptives» (p. 9). La traductologie, les études culturelles et la littérature comparée sont les disciplines convoquées afin d'explorer l'influence de la traduction sur les relations interculturelles ainsi que sur le développement et l'évolution des langues, des littératures et des cultures. Les deux premiers volumes incluent des études de cas et des articles théoriques rédigés en espagnol et en anglais. Ils sont d'une grande diversité, tant en matière de sujets traités que dans les approches adoptées.

Resumen: In any study of translations one must first decide what is to be counted as a "translation" and how such things are to be found, usually through recourse to bibliographical databases. We propose that, starting from the maximalist view that translations are potentially everywhere, various distribution processes impose a series of selective filters thanks to which some translations are more easily identified and accessible than others. The study of translation must be aware of these prior filters, and must know how to account for them, and sometimes how to overcome them. Research processes then necessarily impose their own selective filters, which may reduce or extend the number and kinds of translations given by prior filters. We present three research projects where the play of prior and research filters is very different. For one-off large-scale relational hypotheses, the Index Translationum is found to be relatively cost-efficient. For more detailed objects such as translation flows from Spanish into French in a specific period, a book-industry database offers significant advantages. And for a study marked by a paucity of texts, as is the case of translation from Korean into English following the Korean War, a combination of databases is necessary, the most useful turning out to be Amazon.

Resumen: Les recherches sur les politiques de langue passent le rôle clé des politiques de traduction sous silence. Le présent article défend l'idée que toute politique de langue présuppose une politique de traduction. À l'aide de divers exemples de conflits et de réglementations relatifs à la langue et à la traduction en Belgique (surtout) et ailleurs, il cherche à illustrer comment, dans un contexte de mondialisation grandissante, accompagnée de confrontations entre cultures et ethnicités, certaines politiques de traduction conditionnent et règlent la présence des langues minoritaires dans la sphère publique. Elles codéterminent, par conséquent, les droits linguistiques, culturels, sociaux, politiques, économiques. des minorités. Des recherches à grande échelle sur les politiques de traduction dans les sociétés passées et présentes devraient augmenter la sensibilité sociétale à l'égard du rôle clé de la traduction dans ces questions fondamentales et favoriser l'émergence de solutions raisonnées. Il s'agit là d'un nouveau défi pour la traductologie.

Resumen: Le traducteur allemand Elmar Tophoven (1923-1989) est connu pour ses traductions de Samuel Beckett et d’écrivains du Nouveau Roman tels qu’Alain Robbe-Grillet, Nathalie Sarraute et Claude Simon. À partir des années 1960, il a commencé à prendre méticuleusement en notes son processus de traduction. Elmar Tophoven a prôné cette « traduction transparente » afin de promouvoir le partage d’expériences entre traducteurs, de documenter et d’analyser le processus de traduction, et de montrer que tout le travail et la créativité qui entrent en jeu dans la traduction n’étaient pas suffisamment reconnus. Cette entreprise l’a amené, avec son épouse Erika Tophoven, à créer, organiser et conserver leurs propres archives, qui ont récemment été rassemblées dans la maison familiale de Straelen, en Allemagne. Les archives de traducteurs, rarement jugées dignes d’être préservées sur le long terme, font face à de nombreux défis. Elles doivent prouver leur valeur scientifique et symbolique, en particulier dans le cas de traducteurs et de traductrices de métier. À travers l’exemple des archives Tophoven, nous espérons souligner l’importance des archives pour la recherche en traductologie ainsi que la valeur patrimoniale générale des archives de traducteurs.