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Resumen: "(...) People are perceived through a "lens" of gender polarisation and assigned to apparently natural categories accordingly. On the basis of this gender assignment, naturalised norms and expectations about verbal behaviour behaviour are imposed upon people. There is a strong tendency for gender stereotyping to set in. Stereotyping involves a reductive tendency. Like caricatures, stereotypes focus obsessively on certain characteristics, real or imagined, and exaggerate them".

Resumen: Translating picture books is a many-splendored thing: it includes not only the relationship between the verbal and the visual (images and other elements) but also issues like reading aloud and child images. In the following, while mainly concentrating on the visual, I will deal with the other questions as well, as they all interact and influence each other. My starting point is translating as rewriting for target-language audiences - we always need to ask the crucial question: "For whom?" Hence, while writing children's books is writing for children, translating children's literature is translating for children. (See Hunt 1990:1, 60-64 and Oittinen 2000.) The reasons why I take such a special interest in translating picture books are twofold: cultural and national as well as individual. In Finland, we translate a lot: 70-80

Resumen: Many contemporary retellings of Little Red Riding Hood, the best-known of all fairy tales, are by major, award-winning authors and illustrators, but all too often they remain completely unknown in the anglophone world. This paper examines retellings from numerous countries to show why or why not they cross international borders.

Resumen: A book such as Alice in Wonderland, written for a girl, but nowadays understandable only by adults, the translation of proper nouns can reveal the audience for which translators have addressed their works. This article looks at the translation of proper nouns. These cultural traits are first names, historical references, place names and names of languages: should these be changed to facilitate comprehension by children? This study is then used to evaluate some aspects of theories proposed by Shavit and Oittinen concerning adaptation and translation.

Resumen: Culture-bound elements, such as proper names and food items, not only place the story of a book in a specific culture and period of time, but also imply certain values and create an ambience. These elements also have an effect on how the reader identifies with the story and characters. Thus, it is important to find the most appropriate strategy to translate such elements. This paper considers the Finnish translation (1949) of Kenneth Grahame's The Wind in the Willows (1908), a multi-layered and allusive children's book set in Edwardian England, and some other children's tales translated into Finnish around the same era. The translation of The Wind in the Willows dates back to a period of time when British culture was not yet well known in Finland. The paper argues that certain inconsistencies in the translation of culture-bound elements in the book make it difficult for target text readers to understand its layers of meaning and to identify with the characters. Similar inconsistencies in the translation of culture-bound elements are found in other Finnish translations of children's books from the same period. The findings may be explained by a limited knowledge of foreign cultures in post-war Finland.

Resumen: The article takes a look at the translation of children's literature intended for reading aloud. The pragmatic (or theoretical) point of departure is a 'narrative contract' between the child (audience) and the reader as in the oral tradition of yesteryear. It is therefore argued that, at least initially, children's literature for reading aloud was a continuation of the narrative tradition in the extended family adapted to the conditions and mores of the nuclear family. The nuclear family was a 19th century innovation promoted by the new middle classes, and they best carried on the narrative tradition by means of stories such as those of the brothers Grimm in Germany and Hans Christian Andersen in Denmark. Referring to an informal questionnaire among Translation Studies scholars covering eleven countries, it is concluded that the tradition of reading aloud for children is alive and well. This leads to a model for the translational situation for read-aloud literature that calls for guiding principles in the exploration of differences between 'originals' and 'translations.' Having introduced such layers, viz. the structural, the linguistic, the content and intentional ones, a paratextual and chronological layer are also called for, because of the ubiquity of modern co-prints and the need to introduce diachronic perspectives. The article discusses decision-makers in the process of translation, such as publishers and the like, and also briefly views questions of translational traditions before it discusses translations of the Grimm Tales into English and Danish, to conclude that there are two different schools of 'respectable translators,' one targeting stories for reading aloud and another for silent reading, even though the translators may not be aware of this. The final part takes up questions concerning the translation of names, rhymes, and a highly complex text which is discussed in depth. The conclusion is that translation for reading aloud is an art requiring great competence of translators. It also ought to attract more attention from Translation Studies scholars because it questions fundamentals in translation work that are also found in other types of translation.

Resumen: This paper deals with translated Canadian multicultural literature written for children and its reception in an intercultural education context in Spanish schools. In the first part of the paper I will introduce intercultural education. In the second part, I will examine the role of the translator working in a multicultural environment where texts are written in one language (English) in one country (Canada), then translated into another language (Spanish) and published in Spain. I will also look at the reception of these translations as well as the strategies translators should use to maintain the otherness of the original texts.

Resumen: The theory identifies the mental and cognitive processes involved in both oral and written translation: understanding the text, deverbalizing its language, re-expressing sense. For the purposes of translation, languages are a means of transmitting sense, they are not to be translated as such. Although translation involves the use of correspondences, translators generally set up equivalence between text segments. The synecdochic nature of both languages and texts, a phenomenon discussed in the book, explains why translation is possible across language differences. The many practical problems faced by translators, the difference between translation exercises used as a language teaching tool and professional translation, translating into a foreign language, and machine translation as compared to human translation are also discussed.

Resumen: This study used the thinking-aloud method to investigate the working processes of translating an expository from english to Chinese. Five translation students and five translation expert participated in this study. They were asked to translate a paragraph of expository text in a published book and verbalized their thoughts while translating the text from English into Chinese. This paper reports and discusses some results af the in-progress date analysis of the study. After studying the cognitive moves present in the expert and the novice translating processes, differences were found between the students and the experts in terms of outside resourses, negotation of competing pressures, etc. The study is significant in identifying the key elements and strategies that characterize expert working processes, which in turn will shed lights on translator and teaching. This study in another step forward from my previous study of investigating the cognitive processes of translating. The reason for adding this dimension of expert vs. novice comparison is primarily pedagogical. If differences were indeed found between experts and novices, such information could be used to develop pedagogical tools for translation students. In this way, the experts can set a model for the students not only in what they can produce in translation but also how they have produced such translation. In other words, it can provide a source for cognitive apprenticeship, which may affect students beyond the limits of the conventional teaching method of having students study "good" translated texts. Second, by looking al how experts and students might use certain skiils diferently, it is possible to identify some feautures that exclusively characterize experts and that may be teachable but not yet taught explicitly to students. In short, the expert-novice comparision would have much to offer to translation instruction in terms of both what to teach and how to teach.

Resumen: Every translation poses problems and some of them are unique to that translation. In this paper some of the problems encountered in the translation of a literary work and how they were solved and why will be discussed, including allusions, indirect quotations, cultural topics, use of different "voices", etc.

Resumen: Official translations are generally documents that serve as legally valid instruments. They include anything from certificates of birth, death or marriage through to academic transcripts or legal contracts. Roberto Mayoral deals with the very practical problems of official translating. He points out the failings of traditional theories in this field and the need for revised concepts such as the virtual document, pragmatic constraints, and risk analysis. He details aspects of the social contexts, ethical norms, translation strategies, different formats, fees, legal formulas, and ways of solving the most frequent problems. Care is taken to address as wide a range of cultural contexts as possible and to stress the active role of the translator.

Resumen: A descriptive comparison of the methods and terms used in financial mathematics in the US and Brazil. This talk is appropriate for novice financial translators into Portuguese, and into other languages (since the concepts are described in English).

Resumen: La traducción de libros para niños presneta las mismas dificultades que la de libros para adultos, y además, otras específicas de la literatura infantil. El traductor no sólo tiene que ser fiel al contenido de la obra, sino que debe asegurarse que el vocabulario que emplea sea el más adecuado para el nivel de edad del lector a quien se dirige el libro. Como en toda obra literaria la traducción no pude ser literal. Pero en el caso de traducir libros para niños, el cuidado del estilo, la sonoridad de las palabras, y el traslado exacto del significado, debe ser aún mayor. Cuando se traducen poesías, el género más difícil d etraducir en todos los idiomas, hay que esmerarse no solo por trasladar todo el contenido de la poesía de la lengua original a la lengua meta, sino de hacerlo con palabras sencillas, que todos los niños conocen. Casi todas las poesías para niños son rimadas , y esto significa que el traductor debe encontrar en el idioma meta rimas que no parescan forzadas. Uno de los escritores para niños más dificiles de traducir es el Dr. Seuss. No solo por la riqueza, la exhuberancia y la gracia de sus versos, sino por las palabras que inventaba. Los libros del Dr. Seuss son divertidos, además, porque incluyen numerosos juegos de palabras. Éstos son imposibles de traducir, y hay que recrearlos en el idioma meta.

Resumen: Children’s literature in the Arab World is impregnated with morality, didactics and a heavy ideological bias, in spite of some attempts for change. Translating for children is, in its turn, governed by the same rules that govern writing for them.Translation is not only a lexical but also a cultural transfer. Adopting some protective cultural measures, while translating for children, becomes inevitable especially if the source and target cultures have little in common. The Arabian Nights is the first book for children in the Arab world, though not initially meant for them, to be translated into many languages and has become part of international Children’s Classics.

Resumen: La traduction française de In the Night Kitchen se révèle très décevante. En confrontant cette traduction française et la traduction allemande qui lui est contemporaine, l'étude s'attache à cerner les résistances qu'offre l'album à toute traduction, le mécanisme d'aveuglement qui a présidé à la traduction française et l'écart des possibilités que donne aux traducteurs français et allemand leur langue respective. Elle s'interroge enfin sur la place qu'occupent les images dans la lecture d'un album. Lire un album, c'est lire tout à la fois des images et du texte, même si le traducteur ne rendra compte ensuite que de sa lecture à travers sa traduction du seul texte.

Resumen: El objetivo principal de este trabajo es demostrar que es posible evitar los anglicismos morfosintácticos (estructuras ajenas a la morfosintaxis española muy frecuentes en los manuales teóricos por las transferencias del original) y mejorar notablemente, en consecuencia, la calidad de la versión traducida. Se trata, pues, de un estudio basado en el texto meta y dirigido a estudiandtes de la traducción, filología, inglés técnico, inglés científico, traductores profesionales y lingüistas. En definitiva, se espera que este libro contribuya a facilitar el proceso de búsqueda de las distintas posibilidades que ofrece la lengua española para la traducción de la morfosintaxis inglesa, esto es, las alternativas estilísticas necesarias para lograr que el texto definitivo resulte natural y alejado del llamado español de traducción.

Resumen: This paper presents information on Spanish-lenguage terms that vary by region.

Resumen: The British version of Jean de Brunhoff’s Histoire de Babar is a striking example of the transition from the present to the past tense in the translation of children’s texts into English. With reference to theories of narrative time, this paper invites speculation on the impact of such a tense shift on the present-tense qualities of the original, on the performance of a shared reading by child and adult and, finally, on the relevance of the young child’s developing understanding of the role of tense in narrative.

Resumen: Didactic methods for teaching medical and general acientific translation, including research, background reading, register, style, vocabulary, word collocation and ambiguity. Source language examples will be in portuguese, but the emphasis will be on techniques. All translation teachers all medical translators shoul find the discussion interesting.

Resumen: "The present study tends to show how culture of a community is reflected and shaped through proverbs used there. Proverbs, according to the Cambridge International Dictionary, is "a short sentence, etc. usually known by many people, stating something commonly experienced or giving advice". They show the attitude of the community toward a particular issue, such as sex, race, job, etc. Hence, proverbs people use are good indications of their concern of the reality and the world. They show people's attitude and classification of the reality".

Resumen: El spanglish atenta contra el idioma", opinan algunos académicos, literatos y traductores, tanto de los Estados Unidos como de Hispanoamérica. "La lengua es algo vivo, siempre cambiante. Es normal que en un idioma se introduzcan palabras de otro", argumentan quienes no están de acuerdo. "El intercambio favorece la interculturalidad", sostienen unos terceros. "En realidad no es un intercambio: es una invasión cultural", concluyen los primeros. Lo cierto es que, ya sea a favor o en contra, en nuestra comunidad profesional el spanglish está en el centro de la polémica. Justamente por las dificultades que este tema implica para nuestra tarea cotidiana, el CTPCBA no podía permanecer ajeno al debate. En su nuevo libro, el semiólogo Umberto Eco explica claramente el conflicto: "Supongamos que en una novela inglesa, el personaje dice: "It's raining cats and dogs". El traductor, pensando decir la misma cosa, traduce literalmente "llueven gatos y perros", cuando debería traducir "llueve a cántaros" [...] Pero, y si en una novela italiana llovieran gatos y perros, porque el autor no pudo evitar la tentación de adornar su discurso con esos penosos anglicismos? Al traducir literalmente, el ignorante lector italiano no entendería que se está usando un anglicismo".

Resumen: Este libro es la segunda edición de la recopilación de ensayos sobre la lengua inglesa. Se puede apreciar el uso del idioma dentro del marco cultural y socio-linguístico del que no se debe separar cuando nos enfrentamos al desafío cotidiano de traducir no sólo un texto sino también todos los componentes culturales que dicho texto incluye. El autor también describe la versatilidad y flexibilidad de una lengua cuando se enriquece [o deforma] por influencia de los usos y costumbres locales. Asimismo, explica cómo los puristas del lenguaje muchas veces pierden la batalla frente a la aplicación práctica y los dictados del uso cotidiano.

Resumen: "Stories of female spirituality in the Spanish Baroque most often result from the interaction between the mystic's original testimonies and the voice of a male author, typically the woman's confessor, who transcribes and interprets the initial texts while endowing them with legitimization. (...) In this paper, I will discuss the idea of the self-effaced translator in male narrations of famale spirituality by focusing the Vida de Getrudes de San Ildefonso, the biography of a Poor Claire nun who lived in Quito, what is now Ecuador, during the second half of the seventeenth century" .

Resumen: Este trabajo se deriva del proyecto de investigación "Diseño de un tipologizador textual para la traducción automática de textos jurídicos (español/inglés/alemán/italiano/árabe)". El objetivo de dicho proyecto de investigación fue el diseño y posterior implementación de una herramienta informática capaz de generar automáticamente un determinado tipo de texto jurídico en español, inglés, alemán, italiano y árabe. Concretamente, se centró en el contrato de compraventa de bienes inmuebles, para el cual se ha elaborado una interlengua a partir de conceptos jurídicos en forma de gramática lógica subyacente y orientada hacia la creación de un generador automático multilingüe. Los capítulos de este libro son el fruto de las investigaciones realizadas en el seno del proyecto, sobre todo en lo que se refiere al establecimiento de prototipos textuales.

Resumen: El presente trabajo consiste en describir una propuesta de estrategia documental para la traducción de textos. Se trata, pues, de un modelo instruccional que persigue, desde el punto de vista didáctico, que el estudiante de traducción desarrolle habilidades y destrezas de búsqueda y empleo de la información que exige el proceso de traducción; el propósito es enseñar a buscar información, a capacitarlos para que sean autosuficientes en su futuro trabajo profesional. Para ello, los autores han utilizado un texto jurídico inglés, concretamente, una sentencia del Tribunal Supremo de Gibraltar, para ser traducida al español. El método didáctico empleado combina las virtudes del aprendizaje colaborativo -dado que se trata de una simulación de un encargo de traducción (translation assignment) realizado en equipo- y las ventajas del empleo de las TIC y, muy particularmente, Internet.

Resumen: Drawing on a corpus of eight translations of Lewis Carroll's Alice in Wonderland into five languages (German, French, Spanish, Brazilian Portuguese, Italian), the paper discusses the forms and functions of proper names in children's books and some aspects of their translation. In Alice in Wonderland, we find three basic types of proper names: names explicitly referring to the real world of author and original addressees (e.g., Alice, her cat Dinah, historical figures like William the Conqueror), names implicitly referring to the real world of author and original addressees (e.g., Elsie, Lacie and Tillie, referring to the three Liddell sisters Lorina Charlotte, Alice and Edith Mathilda), and names referring to fictitious characters. An important function of proper names in fiction is to indicate in which culture the plot is set. It will be shown that the eight translators use various strategies to deal with proper names and that these strategies entail different communicative effects for the respective audiences.

Resumen: Este capítulo tiene la intención de proceder a la evaluación de páginas web que proporcionan información, formularios, enlaces, etc. sobre temas jurídicos y recursos terminológicos que resultan básicos para el estudio y la traducción de textos jurídicos, con especial referencia al contrato de compraventa de bienes inmuebles, el tipo de documento seleccionado para la implementación de la versión piloto del tipologizador.

Resumen: The Penguin Dictionary of Economics explains a host of economic terms, from acceleration principle to venture capital, Euro to X-efficiency, globalization to zero-sum game. Wide-ranging and accessible, this detailed, practical and international guide will be insispensable for students of economics and professionals (in business, finance or the public sector), and for anyone wishing to follow economic discussions in the media today.

Resumen: The Penguin Dictionary of Chemistry is the ideal source of information for students of all sciences at any level, and for anyone who encounters chemical terms in the course of their everyday work. Comprehensive and packed with vital information, the latest edition also takes account of recent developments in this key subject area. - Explains chemical terms from all branches of the subject, from AAS to zwitterions. - Gives concise entries on elements, compounds and other substances. - Provides succinct accounts of important chemical operations, including industrial processes - Discusses important biochemical and environmental issues. - Includes illustrations throughout.

Resumen: La presente obra desarrolla y actualiza el anterior "Diccionario etimológico latino-español" , del mismo autor. Incluye el estudio del léxico neolatino [español, gallego, portugués, catalán, italiano, rumano y provenzal] y aporta una amplia exposición de las palabras francesas e inglesas derivadas del latín. Además recoge numerosas voces de la lengua vasca procedentes, directa o indirectamente de la latina, y los latinismos del alemán. Con objeto de facilitar la adquisición de léxico, especialmente científico, reúne los derivados españoles del latín, o de otras lenguas, y los procedentes de las voces griegas relacionadas con las latinas por su origen o por su significado.